3246 lines
111 KiB
Plaintext
3246 lines
111 KiB
Plaintext
NAME
|
|
BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
|
|
|
|
SYNTAX
|
|
busybox <applet> [arguments...] # or
|
|
|
|
<applet> [arguments...] # if symlinked
|
|
|
|
DESCRIPTION
|
|
BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a
|
|
single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of
|
|
the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The
|
|
utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their
|
|
full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included
|
|
provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU
|
|
counterparts.
|
|
|
|
BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
|
|
mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
|
|
commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
|
|
your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc,
|
|
and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
|
|
for any small or embedded system.
|
|
|
|
BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the
|
|
components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or
|
|
'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.
|
|
Then run 'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.
|
|
|
|
After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
|
|
BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target
|
|
directory specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when
|
|
configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at
|
|
install time (i.e., with a command line like 'make
|
|
CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled any applet installation
|
|
scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed
|
|
in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX.
|
|
|
|
USAGE
|
|
BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable
|
|
program that performs the same job as more than one utility program.
|
|
That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary
|
|
acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller
|
|
since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share
|
|
code for many common operations.
|
|
|
|
You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
|
|
command line. For example, entering
|
|
|
|
/bin/busybox ls
|
|
|
|
will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
|
|
|
|
Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So
|
|
most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.
|
|
|
|
For example, entering
|
|
|
|
ln -s /bin/busybox ls
|
|
./ls
|
|
|
|
will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been
|
|
compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to
|
|
make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this
|
|
for you when you run the 'make install' command.
|
|
|
|
If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list
|
|
of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.
|
|
|
|
COMMON OPTIONS
|
|
Most BusyBox applets support the --help argument to provide a terse
|
|
runtime description of their behavior. If the
|
|
CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has been enabled, more detailed
|
|
usage information will also be available.
|
|
|
|
COMMANDS
|
|
Currently available applets include:
|
|
|
|
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, ar, arch, arp, arping, ascii, ash, awk,
|
|
base32, base64, basename, bc, blkid, bunzip2, bzcat, cat, chattr,
|
|
chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chrt, chvt, cksum, clear, cmp, cp,
|
|
cpio, crc32, crond, crontab, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, delgroup,
|
|
deluser, devmem, df, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dnsdomainname,
|
|
dos2unix, du, dumpkmap, echo, egrep, eject, env, ether-wake, expr,
|
|
factor, fallocate, false, fbset, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk, fgrep,
|
|
find, flock, fold, free, freeramdisk, fsck, fsfreeze, fstrim, fuser,
|
|
getopt, getty, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, hdparm, head, hexdump,
|
|
hexedit, hostid, hostname, hwclock, i2cdetect, i2cdump, i2cget,
|
|
i2cset, i2ctransfer, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, inetd, init,
|
|
insmod, install, iostat, ip, ipaddr, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink, ipneigh,
|
|
iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kill, killall, killall5, klogd, last,
|
|
less, link, linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, loadkmap,
|
|
logger, login, logname, losetup, ls, lsattr, lsmod, lsof, lspci,
|
|
lsscsi, lsusb, lzcat, lzma, lzopcat, makedevs, md5sum, mdev, mesg,
|
|
microcom, mim, mkdir, mkdosfs, mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.vfat,
|
|
mknod, mkpasswd, mkswap, mktemp, modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint,
|
|
mpstat, mt, mv, nameif, netstat, nice, nl, nohup, nologin, nproc,
|
|
nslookup, nuke, od, openvt, partprobe, passwd, paste, patch, pgrep,
|
|
pidof, ping, pipe_progress, pivot_root, pkill, pmap, poweroff,
|
|
printenv, printf, ps, pwd, rdate, readlink, readprofile, realpath,
|
|
reboot, renice, reset, resize, resume, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route,
|
|
run-init, run-parts, runlevel, sed, seedrng, seq, setarch,
|
|
setconsole, setfattr, setkeycodes, setlogcons, setpriv, setserial,
|
|
setsid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum, sha3sum, sha512sum, shred, sleep,
|
|
sort, start-stop-daemon, strings, stty, su, sulogin, svc, svok,
|
|
swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl, syslogd, tail, tar, tc,
|
|
tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute,
|
|
tree, true, truncate, ts, tsort, tty, ubirename, udhcpc, uevent,
|
|
umount, uname, uniq, unix2dos, unlink, unlzma, unlzop, unxz, unzip,
|
|
uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock, w, watch,
|
|
watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, xxd, xz, xzcat, yes,
|
|
zcat
|
|
|
|
COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS
|
|
addgroup
|
|
addgroup [-g GID] [-S] GROUP
|
|
|
|
Add a group
|
|
|
|
-g GID Group id
|
|
-S Create a system group
|
|
|
|
adduser
|
|
adduser [OPTIONS] USER [GROUP]
|
|
|
|
Create new user, or add USER to GROUP
|
|
|
|
-h DIR Home directory
|
|
-g GECOS GECOS field
|
|
-s SHELL Login shell
|
|
-G GRP Group
|
|
-S Create a system user
|
|
-D Don't assign a password
|
|
-H Don't create home directory
|
|
-u UID User id
|
|
-k SKEL Skeleton directory (/etc/skel)
|
|
|
|
ar ar x|p|t|r [-ov] ARCHIVE [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Extract or list FILEs from an ar archive, or create it
|
|
|
|
x Extract
|
|
p Extract to stdout
|
|
t List
|
|
r Create
|
|
-o Restore mtime
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
|
|
arch
|
|
arch
|
|
|
|
Print system architecture
|
|
|
|
arp arp [-vn] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -a [HOSTNAME] [-v] [-i IF] -d HOSTNAME
|
|
[pub] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [temp] [-v] [-H
|
|
HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [netmask MASK] pub [-v] [-H
|
|
HWTYPE] [-i IF] -Ds HOSTNAME IFACE [netmask MASK] pub
|
|
|
|
Manipulate ARP cache
|
|
|
|
-a Display (all) hosts
|
|
-d Delete ARP entry
|
|
-s Set new entry
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-n Don't resolve names
|
|
-i IF Network interface
|
|
-D Read HWADDR from IFACE
|
|
-A,-p AF Protocol family
|
|
-H HWTYPE Hardware address type
|
|
|
|
arping
|
|
arping [-fqbDUA] [-c CNT] [-w TIMEOUT] [-I IFACE] [-s SRC_IP] DST_IP
|
|
|
|
Send ARP requests/replies
|
|
|
|
-f Quit on first ARP reply
|
|
-q Quiet
|
|
-b Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
|
|
-D Exit with 1 if DST_IP replies
|
|
-U Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors
|
|
-A ARP answer mode, update your neighbors
|
|
-c N Stop after sending N ARP requests
|
|
-w TIMEOUT Seconds to wait for ARP reply
|
|
-I IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
|
|
-s SRC_IP Sender IP address
|
|
DST_IP Target IP address
|
|
|
|
ash ash [-il] [-|+Cabefmnuvx] [-|+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 ARGS] |
|
|
FILE ARGS | -s ARGS]
|
|
|
|
Unix shell interpreter
|
|
|
|
awk awk [OPTIONS] [AWK_PROGRAM] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
-v VAR=VAL Set variable
|
|
-F SEP Use SEP as field separator
|
|
-f FILE Read program from FILE
|
|
-e AWK_PROGRAM
|
|
|
|
base32
|
|
base32 [-d] [-w COL] [FILE]
|
|
|
|
Base32 encode or decode FILE to standard output
|
|
|
|
-d Decode data
|
|
-w COL Wrap lines at COL (default 76, 0 disables)
|
|
|
|
base64
|
|
base64 [-d] [-w COL] [FILE]
|
|
|
|
Base64 encode or decode FILE to standard output
|
|
|
|
-d Decode data
|
|
-w COL Wrap lines at COL (default 76, 0 disables)
|
|
|
|
basename
|
|
basename FILE [SUFFIX] | -a FILE... | -s SUFFIX FILE...
|
|
|
|
Strip directory path and SUFFIX from FILE
|
|
|
|
-a All arguments are FILEs
|
|
-s SUFFIX Remove SUFFIX (implies -a)
|
|
|
|
bc bc [-sqlw] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Arbitrary precision calculator
|
|
|
|
-q Quiet
|
|
-l Load standard library
|
|
-s Be POSIX compatible
|
|
-w Warn if extensions are used
|
|
|
|
$BC_LINE_LENGTH changes output width
|
|
|
|
blkid
|
|
blkid [BLOCKDEV]...
|
|
|
|
Print UUIDs of all filesystems
|
|
|
|
bunzip2
|
|
bunzip2 [-cfk] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
|
|
|
|
-c Write to stdout
|
|
-f Force
|
|
-k Keep input files
|
|
-t Test integrity
|
|
|
|
bzcat
|
|
bzcat [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Decompress to stdout
|
|
|
|
cat cat [-nbvteA] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Print FILEs to stdout
|
|
|
|
-n Number output lines
|
|
-b Number nonempty lines
|
|
-v Show nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x
|
|
-t ...and tabs as ^I
|
|
-e ...and end lines with $
|
|
-A Same as -vte
|
|
|
|
chattr
|
|
chattr [-R] [-v VERSION] [-p PROJID] [-+=AacDdijsStTu] FILE...
|
|
|
|
Change ext2 file attributes
|
|
|
|
-R Recurse
|
|
-v NUM Set version/generation number
|
|
-p NUM Set project number
|
|
Modifiers:
|
|
|
|
-,+,= Remove/add/set attributes
|
|
Attributes:
|
|
|
|
A No atime
|
|
a Append only
|
|
C No copy-on-write
|
|
c Compressed
|
|
D Synchronous dir updates
|
|
d Don't backup with dump
|
|
E Encrypted
|
|
e File uses extents
|
|
F Case-insensitive dir
|
|
I Indexed dir
|
|
i Immutable
|
|
j Write data to journal first
|
|
N File is stored in inode
|
|
P Hierarchical project ID dir
|
|
S Synchronous file updates
|
|
s Zero storage when deleted
|
|
T Top of dir hierarchy
|
|
t Don't tail-merge with other files
|
|
u Allow undelete
|
|
V Verity
|
|
|
|
chgrp
|
|
chgrp [-RhLHPcvf]... GROUP FILE...
|
|
|
|
Change the group membership of FILEs to GROUP
|
|
|
|
-h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
|
|
-L Traverse all symlinks to directories
|
|
-H Traverse symlinks on command line only
|
|
-P Don't traverse symlinks (default)
|
|
-R Recurse
|
|
-c List changed files
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-f Hide errors
|
|
|
|
chmod
|
|
chmod [-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
|
|
|
|
MODE is octal number (bit pattern sstrwxrwxrwx) or
|
|
[ugoa]{+|-|=}[rwxXst]
|
|
|
|
-R Recurse
|
|
-c List changed files
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-f Hide errors
|
|
|
|
chown
|
|
chown [-RhLHPcvf]... USER[:[GRP]] FILE...
|
|
|
|
Change the owner and/or group of FILEs to USER and/or GRP
|
|
|
|
-h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
|
|
-L Traverse all symlinks to directories
|
|
-H Traverse symlinks on command line only
|
|
-P Don't traverse symlinks (default)
|
|
-R Recurse
|
|
-c List changed files
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-f Hide errors
|
|
|
|
chroot
|
|
chroot NEWROOT [PROG ARGS]
|
|
|
|
Run PROG with root directory set to NEWROOT
|
|
|
|
chrt
|
|
chrt -m | -p [PRIO] PID | [-rfobi] PRIO PROG ARGS
|
|
|
|
Change scheduling priority and class for a process
|
|
|
|
-m Show min/max priorities
|
|
-p Operate on PID
|
|
-r Set SCHED_RR class
|
|
-f Set SCHED_FIFO class
|
|
-o Set SCHED_OTHER class
|
|
-b Set SCHED_BATCH class
|
|
-i Set SCHED_IDLE class
|
|
|
|
chvt
|
|
chvt N
|
|
|
|
Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
|
|
|
|
cksum
|
|
cksum FILE...
|
|
|
|
Calculate CRC32 checksum of FILEs
|
|
|
|
clear
|
|
clear
|
|
|
|
Clear screen
|
|
|
|
cmp cmp [-ls] [-n NUM] FILE1 [FILE2 [SKIP1 [SKIP2]]]
|
|
|
|
Compare FILE1 with FILE2 (or stdin)
|
|
|
|
-l Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
|
|
for all differing bytes
|
|
-s Quiet
|
|
-n NUM Compare at most NUM bytes
|
|
|
|
cp cp [-arPLHpfinlsTu] SOURCE DEST or: cp [-arPLHpfinlsu] SOURCE... {
|
|
-t DIRECTORY | DIRECTORY }
|
|
|
|
Copy SOURCEs to DEST
|
|
|
|
-a Same as -dpR
|
|
-R,-r Recurse
|
|
-d,-P Preserve symlinks (default if -R)
|
|
-L Follow all symlinks
|
|
-H Follow symlinks on command line
|
|
-p Preserve file attributes if possible
|
|
-f Overwrite
|
|
-i Prompt before overwrite
|
|
-n Don't overwrite
|
|
-l,-s Create (sym)links
|
|
-T Refuse to copy if DEST is a directory
|
|
-t DIR Copy all SOURCEs into DIR
|
|
-u Copy only newer files
|
|
|
|
cpio
|
|
cpio [-dmvu] [-F FILE] [-R USER[:GRP]] [-ti] [EXTR_FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Extract (-i) or list (-t) files from a cpio archive
|
|
|
|
Main operation mode:
|
|
|
|
-t List
|
|
-i Extract EXTR_FILEs (or all)
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
-d Make leading directories
|
|
-m Restore mtime
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-u Overwrite
|
|
-F FILE Input (-t,-i,-p) or output (-o) file
|
|
-R USER[:GRP] Set owner of created files
|
|
-L Dereference symlinks
|
|
-0 NUL terminated input
|
|
|
|
crc32
|
|
crc32 FILE...
|
|
|
|
Calculate CRC32 checksum of FILEs
|
|
|
|
crond
|
|
crond [-fbS] [-l N] [-L LOGFILE] [-c DIR]
|
|
|
|
-f Foreground
|
|
-b Background (default)
|
|
-S Log to syslog (default)
|
|
-l N Set log level. Most verbose 0, default 8
|
|
-L FILE Log to FILE
|
|
-c DIR Cron dir. Default:/var/spool/cron/crontabs
|
|
|
|
crontab
|
|
crontab [-c DIR] [-u USER] [-ler]|[FILE]
|
|
|
|
-c Crontab directory
|
|
-u User
|
|
-l List crontab
|
|
-e Edit crontab
|
|
-r Delete crontab
|
|
FILE Replace crontab by FILE ('-': stdin)
|
|
|
|
cut cut [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Print selected fields from FILEs to stdout
|
|
|
|
-b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
|
|
-c LIST Output only characters from LIST
|
|
-d SEP Field delimiter for input (default -f TAB, -F run of whitespace)
|
|
-O SEP Field delimeter for output (default = -d for -f, one space for -F)
|
|
-D Don't sort/collate sections or match -fF lines without delimeter
|
|
-f LIST Print only these fields (-d is single char)
|
|
-F LIST Print only these fields (-d is regex)
|
|
-s Output only lines containing delimiter
|
|
-n Ignored
|
|
|
|
date
|
|
date [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [[-s] TIME]
|
|
|
|
Display time (using +FMT), or set time
|
|
|
|
-u Work in UTC (don't convert to local time)
|
|
[-s] TIME Set time to TIME
|
|
-d TIME Display TIME, not 'now'
|
|
-D FMT FMT (strptime format) for -s/-d TIME conversion
|
|
-r FILE Display last modification time of FILE
|
|
-R Output RFC-2822 date
|
|
-I[SPEC] Output ISO-8601 date
|
|
SPEC=date (default), hours, minutes, seconds or ns
|
|
|
|
Recognized TIME formats:
|
|
|
|
@seconds_since_1970
|
|
hh:mm[:ss]
|
|
[YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss]
|
|
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss]
|
|
[[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss]
|
|
'date TIME' form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] instead
|
|
|
|
dc dc [-x] [-eSCRIPT]... [-fFILE]... [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Tiny RPN calculator. Operations: Arithmetic: + - * / % ^ ~ - divide
|
|
with remainder | - modular exponentiation v - square root p - print
|
|
top of the stack without popping f - print entire stack k - pop the
|
|
value and set precision i - pop the value and set input radix o -
|
|
pop the value and set output radix Examples: dc -e'2 2 + p' -> 4, dc
|
|
-e'8 8 * 2 2 + / p' -> 16
|
|
|
|
dd dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N obs=N/bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N]
|
|
[seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync]
|
|
[iflag=skip_bytes|count_bytes|fullblock|direct]
|
|
[oflag=seek_bytes|append|direct]
|
|
|
|
Copy a file with converting and formatting
|
|
|
|
if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
|
|
of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
|
|
bs=N Read and write N bytes at a time
|
|
ibs=N Read N bytes at a time
|
|
obs=N Write N bytes at a time
|
|
count=N Copy only N input blocks
|
|
skip=N Skip N input blocks
|
|
seek=N Skip N output blocks
|
|
conv=notrunc Don't truncate output file
|
|
conv=noerror Continue after read errors
|
|
conv=sync Pad blocks with zeros
|
|
conv=fsync Physically write data out before finishing
|
|
conv=swab Swap every pair of bytes
|
|
iflag=skip_bytes skip=N is in bytes
|
|
iflag=count_bytes count=N is in bytes
|
|
oflag=seek_bytes seek=N is in bytes
|
|
iflag=direct O_DIRECT input
|
|
oflag=direct O_DIRECT output
|
|
iflag=fullblock Read full blocks
|
|
oflag=append Open output in append mode
|
|
status=noxfer Suppress rate output
|
|
status=none Suppress all output
|
|
|
|
N may be suffixed by c (1), w (2), b (512), kB (1000), k (1024), MB,
|
|
M, GB, G
|
|
|
|
deallocvt
|
|
deallocvt [N]
|
|
|
|
Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
|
|
|
|
delgroup
|
|
delgroup GROUP
|
|
|
|
Delete group GROUP from the system
|
|
|
|
deluser
|
|
deluser [--remove-home] USER
|
|
|
|
Delete USER from the system
|
|
|
|
devmem
|
|
devmem ADDRESS [WIDTH [VALUE]]
|
|
|
|
Read/write from physical address
|
|
|
|
ADDRESS Address to act upon
|
|
WIDTH Width (8/16/...)
|
|
VALUE Data to be written
|
|
|
|
df df [-PkmhT] [-t TYPE] [FILESYSTEM]...
|
|
|
|
Print filesystem usage statistics
|
|
|
|
-P POSIX output format
|
|
-k 1024-byte blocks (default)
|
|
-m 1M-byte blocks
|
|
-h Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
|
|
-T Print filesystem type
|
|
-t TYPE Print only mounts of this type
|
|
|
|
diff
|
|
diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S FILE] [-U LINES] FILE1 FILE2
|
|
|
|
Compare files line by line and output the differences between them.
|
|
This implementation supports unified diffs only.
|
|
|
|
-a Treat all files as text
|
|
-b Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
|
|
-B Ignore changes whose lines are all blank
|
|
-d Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
|
|
-i Ignore case differences
|
|
-L Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
|
|
-N Treat absent files as empty
|
|
-q Output only whether files differ
|
|
-r Recurse
|
|
-S Start with FILE when comparing directories
|
|
-T Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
|
|
-s Report when two files are the same
|
|
-t Expand tabs to spaces in output
|
|
-U Output LINES lines of context
|
|
-w Ignore all whitespace
|
|
|
|
dirname
|
|
dirname FILENAME
|
|
|
|
Strip non-directory suffix from FILENAME
|
|
|
|
dmesg
|
|
dmesg [-cr] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE]
|
|
|
|
Print or control the kernel ring buffer
|
|
|
|
-c Clear ring buffer after printing
|
|
-n LEVEL Set console logging level
|
|
-s SIZE Buffer size
|
|
-r Print raw message buffer
|
|
|
|
dnsd
|
|
dnsd [-dvs] [-c CONFFILE] [-t TTL_SEC] [-p PORT] [-i ADDR]
|
|
|
|
Small static DNS server daemon
|
|
|
|
-c FILE Config file
|
|
-t SEC TTL
|
|
-p PORT Listen on PORT
|
|
-i ADDR Listen on ADDR
|
|
-d Daemonize
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-s Send successful replies only. Use this if you want
|
|
to use /etc/resolv.conf with two nameserver lines:
|
|
nameserver DNSD_SERVER
|
|
nameserver NORMAL_DNS_SERVER
|
|
|
|
dos2unix
|
|
dos2unix [-ud] [FILE]
|
|
|
|
Convert FILE in-place from DOS to Unix format. When no file is
|
|
given, use stdin/stdout.
|
|
|
|
-u dos2unix
|
|
-d unix2dos
|
|
|
|
du du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Summarize disk space used for FILEs (or directories)
|
|
|
|
-a Show file sizes too
|
|
-b Apparent size (including holes)
|
|
-L Follow all symlinks
|
|
-H Follow symlinks on command line
|
|
-d N Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N
|
|
-c Show grand total
|
|
-l Count sizes many times if hard linked
|
|
-s Display only a total for each argument
|
|
-x Skip directories on different filesystems
|
|
-h Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G)
|
|
-m Sizes in megabytes
|
|
-k Sizes in kilobytes (default)
|
|
|
|
dumpkmap
|
|
dumpkmap > keymap
|
|
|
|
Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout
|
|
|
|
echo
|
|
echo [-neE] [ARG]...
|
|
|
|
Print ARGs to stdout
|
|
|
|
-n No trailing newline
|
|
-e Interpret backslash escapes (\t=tab etc)
|
|
-E Don't interpret backslash escapes (default)
|
|
|
|
eject
|
|
eject [-t] [-T] [DEVICE]
|
|
|
|
Eject DEVICE or default /dev/cdrom
|
|
|
|
-t Close tray
|
|
-T Open/close tray (toggle)
|
|
|
|
env env [-i0] [-u NAME]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [PROG ARGS]
|
|
|
|
Print current environment or run PROG after setting up environment
|
|
|
|
-, -i Start with empty environment
|
|
-0 NUL terminated output
|
|
-u NAME Remove variable from environment
|
|
|
|
ether-wake
|
|
ether-wake [-b] [-i IFACE] [-p aa:bb:cc:dd[:ee:ff]/a.b.c.d] MAC
|
|
|
|
Send a magic packet to wake up sleeping machines. MAC must be a
|
|
station address (00:11:22:33:44:55) or a hostname with a known
|
|
'ethers' entry.
|
|
|
|
-b Broadcast the packet
|
|
-i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
|
|
-p PASSWORD Append four or six byte PASSWORD to the packet
|
|
|
|
expr
|
|
expr EXPRESSION
|
|
|
|
Print the value of EXPRESSION
|
|
|
|
EXPRESSION may be:
|
|
|
|
ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
|
|
ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
|
|
ARG1 < ARG2 1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly:
|
|
ARG1 <= ARG2
|
|
ARG1 = ARG2
|
|
ARG1 != ARG2
|
|
ARG1 >= ARG2
|
|
ARG1 > ARG2
|
|
ARG1 + ARG2 Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly:
|
|
ARG1 - ARG2
|
|
ARG1 * ARG2
|
|
ARG1 / ARG2
|
|
ARG1 % ARG2
|
|
STRING : REGEXP Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
|
|
match STRING REGEXP Same as STRING : REGEXP
|
|
substr STRING POS LEN Substring of STRING, POS counts from 1
|
|
index STRING CHARS Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
|
|
length STRING Length of STRING
|
|
quote TOKEN Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
|
|
it is a keyword like 'match' or an
|
|
operator like '/'
|
|
(EXPRESSION) Value of EXPRESSION
|
|
|
|
Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
|
|
Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
|
|
lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
|
|
\( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
|
|
of characters matched or 0.
|
|
|
|
factor
|
|
factor [NUMBER]...
|
|
|
|
Print prime factors
|
|
|
|
fallocate
|
|
fallocate [-o OFS] -l LEN FILE
|
|
|
|
Preallocate space for FILE
|
|
|
|
-o OFS Offset of range
|
|
-l LEN Length of range
|
|
|
|
fbset
|
|
fbset [OPTIONS] [MODE]
|
|
|
|
Show and modify frame buffer settings
|
|
|
|
fdflush
|
|
fdflush DEVICE
|
|
|
|
Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
|
|
|
|
fdformat
|
|
fdformat [-n] DEVICE
|
|
|
|
Format floppy disk
|
|
|
|
-n Don't verify after format
|
|
|
|
fdisk
|
|
fdisk [-ul] [-C CYLINDERS] [-H HEADS] [-S SECTORS] [-b SSZ] DISK
|
|
|
|
Change partition table
|
|
|
|
-u Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders)
|
|
-l Show partition table for each DISK, then exit
|
|
-b 2048 (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
|
|
-C CYLINDERS Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors
|
|
-H HEADS Typically 255
|
|
-S SECTORS Typically 63
|
|
|
|
find
|
|
find [-HL] [PATH]... [OPTIONS] [ACTIONS]
|
|
|
|
Search for files and perform actions on them. First failed action
|
|
stops processing of current file. Defaults: PATH is current
|
|
directory, action is '-print'
|
|
|
|
-L,-follow Follow symlinks
|
|
-H ...on command line only
|
|
-xdev Don't descend directories on other filesystems
|
|
-maxdepth N Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies
|
|
actions to command line arguments only
|
|
-mindepth N Don't act on first N levels
|
|
-depth Act on directory *after* traversing it
|
|
|
|
Actions:
|
|
|
|
( ACTIONS ) Group actions for -o / -a
|
|
! ACT Invert ACT's success/failure
|
|
ACT1 [-a] ACT2 If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2
|
|
ACT1 -o ACT2 If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2
|
|
Note: -a has higher priority than -o
|
|
-name PATTERN Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN
|
|
-iname PATTERN Case insensitive -name
|
|
-path PATTERN Match path to PATTERN
|
|
-ipath PATTERN Case insensitive -path
|
|
-regex PATTERN Match path to regex PATTERN
|
|
-type X File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,s,p)
|
|
-executable File is executable
|
|
-perm MASK At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (-MASK),
|
|
or exactly MASK bits are set in file's mode
|
|
-mtime DAYS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
|
|
or exactly N days in the past
|
|
-atime DAYS atime +N/-N/N days in the past
|
|
-ctime DAYS ctime +N/-N/N days in the past
|
|
-mmin MINS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
|
|
or exactly N minutes in the past
|
|
-amin MINS atime +N/-N/N minutes in the past
|
|
-cmin MINS ctime +N/-N/N minutes in the past
|
|
-newer FILE mtime is more recent than FILE's
|
|
-samefile FILE File is same as FILE
|
|
-user NAME/ID File is owned by given user
|
|
-group NAME/ID File is owned by given group
|
|
-size N[bck] File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.))
|
|
+/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
|
|
-empty Match empty file/directory
|
|
-prune If current file is directory, don't descend into it
|
|
If none of the following actions is specified, -print is assumed
|
|
-print Print file name
|
|
-print0 Print file name, NUL terminated
|
|
-exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by
|
|
file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero
|
|
-exec CMD ARG + Run CMD with {} replaced by list of file names
|
|
-quit Exit
|
|
|
|
flock
|
|
flock [-sxun] FD | { FILE [-c] PROG ARGS }
|
|
|
|
[Un]lock file descriptor, or lock FILE, run PROG
|
|
|
|
-s Shared lock
|
|
-x Exclusive lock (default)
|
|
-u Unlock FD
|
|
-n Fail rather than wait
|
|
|
|
fold
|
|
fold [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Wrap input lines in FILEs (or stdin), writing to stdout
|
|
|
|
-b Count bytes rather than columns
|
|
-s Break at spaces
|
|
-w Use WIDTH columns instead of 80
|
|
|
|
free
|
|
free [-bkmgh]
|
|
|
|
Display free and used memory
|
|
|
|
freeramdisk
|
|
freeramdisk DEVICE
|
|
|
|
Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk
|
|
|
|
fsck
|
|
fsck [-ANPRTV] [-t FSTYPE] [FS_OPTS] [BLOCKDEV]...
|
|
|
|
Check and repair filesystems
|
|
|
|
-A Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems
|
|
-N Don't execute, just show what would be done
|
|
-P With -A, check filesystems in parallel
|
|
-R With -A, skip the root filesystem
|
|
-T Don't show title on startup
|
|
-V Verbose
|
|
-t TYPE List of filesystem types to check
|
|
|
|
fsfreeze
|
|
fsfreeze --[un]freeze MOUNTPOINT
|
|
|
|
Flush and halt writes to MOUNTPOINT
|
|
|
|
fstrim
|
|
fstrim [OPTIONS] MOUNTPOINT
|
|
|
|
-o OFFSET Offset in bytes to discard from
|
|
-l LEN Bytes to discard
|
|
-m MIN Minimum extent length
|
|
-v Print number of discarded bytes
|
|
|
|
fuser
|
|
fuser [-msk46] [-SIGNAL] FILE or PORT/PROTO
|
|
|
|
Find processes which use FILEs or PORTs
|
|
|
|
-m Find processes which use same fs as FILEs
|
|
-4,-6 Search only IPv4/IPv6 space
|
|
-s Don't display PIDs
|
|
-k Kill found processes
|
|
-SIGNAL Signal to send (default: KILL)
|
|
|
|
getopt
|
|
getopt [OPTIONS] [--] OPTSTRING PARAMS
|
|
|
|
-a Allow long options starting with single -
|
|
-l LOPT[,...] Long options to recognize
|
|
-n PROGNAME The name under which errors are reported
|
|
-o OPTSTRING Short options to recognize
|
|
-q No error messages on unrecognized options
|
|
-Q No normal output
|
|
-s SHELL Set shell quoting conventions
|
|
-T Version test (exits with 4)
|
|
-u Don't quote output
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
O=`getopt -l bb: -- ab:c:: "$@"` || exit 1 eval set -- "$O" while
|
|
true; do case "$1" in -a) echo A; shift;; -b|--bb) echo "B:'$2'";
|
|
shift 2;; -c) case "$2" in "") echo C; shift 2;; *) echo "C:'$2'";
|
|
shift 2;; esac;; --) shift; break;; *) echo Error; exit 1;; esac
|
|
done
|
|
|
|
getty
|
|
getty [OPTIONS] BAUD_RATE[,BAUD_RATE]... TTY [TERMTYPE]
|
|
|
|
Open TTY, prompt for login name, then invoke /bin/login
|
|
|
|
-h Enable hardware RTS/CTS flow control
|
|
-L Set CLOCAL (ignore Carrier Detect state)
|
|
-m Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message
|
|
-n Don't prompt for login name
|
|
-w Wait for CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
|
|
-i Don't display /etc/issue
|
|
-f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
|
|
-l LOGIN Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login
|
|
-t SEC Terminate after SEC if no login name is read
|
|
-I INITSTR Send INITSTR before anything else
|
|
-H HOST Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname
|
|
|
|
BAUD_RATE of 0 leaves it unchanged
|
|
|
|
grep
|
|
grep [-HhnlLoqvsrRiwFE] [-m N] [-A|B|C N] { PATTERN | -e PATTERN...
|
|
| -f FILE... } [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Search for PATTERN in FILEs (or stdin)
|
|
|
|
-H Add 'filename:' prefix
|
|
-h Do not add 'filename:' prefix
|
|
-n Add 'line_no:' prefix
|
|
-l Show only names of files that match
|
|
-L Show only names of files that don't match
|
|
-c Show only count of matching lines
|
|
-o Show only the matching part of line
|
|
-q Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise
|
|
-v Select non-matching lines
|
|
-s Suppress open and read errors
|
|
-r Recurse
|
|
-R Recurse and dereference symlinks
|
|
-i Ignore case
|
|
-w Match whole words only
|
|
-x Match whole lines only
|
|
-F PATTERN is a literal (not regexp)
|
|
-E PATTERN is an extended regexp
|
|
-m N Match up to N times per file
|
|
-A N Print N lines of trailing context
|
|
-B N Print N lines of leading context
|
|
-C N Same as '-A N -B N'
|
|
-e PTRN Pattern to match
|
|
-f FILE Read pattern from file
|
|
|
|
gunzip
|
|
gunzip [-cfkt] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
|
|
|
|
-c Write to stdout
|
|
-f Force
|
|
-k Keep input files
|
|
-t Test integrity
|
|
|
|
gzip
|
|
gzip [-cfkdt] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Compress FILEs (or stdin)
|
|
|
|
-d Decompress
|
|
-c Write to stdout
|
|
-f Force
|
|
-k Keep input files
|
|
-t Test integrity
|
|
|
|
halt
|
|
halt [-d DELAY] [-nfw]
|
|
|
|
Halt the system
|
|
|
|
-d SEC Delay interval
|
|
-n Do not sync
|
|
-f Force (don't go through init)
|
|
-w Only write a wtmp record
|
|
|
|
hdparm
|
|
hdparm [OPTIONS] [DEVICE]
|
|
|
|
-a Get/set fs readahead
|
|
-A Set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)
|
|
-b Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
|
|
-B Set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
|
|
-c Get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
|
|
-C Check IDE power mode status
|
|
-D Enable/disable drive defect-mgmt
|
|
-f Flush buffer cache for device on exit
|
|
-g Display drive geometry
|
|
-h Display terse usage information
|
|
-i Display drive identification
|
|
-I Detailed/current information directly from drive
|
|
-k Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
|
|
-K Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
|
|
-L Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
|
|
-m Get/set multiple sector count
|
|
-n Get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
|
|
-p Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
|
|
-P Set drive prefetch count
|
|
-Q Get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)
|
|
-r Get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
|
|
-S Set standby (spindown) timeout
|
|
-t Perform device read timings
|
|
-T Perform cache read timings
|
|
-u Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
|
|
-v Defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives
|
|
-V Display program version and exit immediately
|
|
-W Set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
|
|
-X Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
|
|
-y Put IDE drive in standby mode
|
|
-Y Put IDE drive to sleep
|
|
-Z Disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
|
|
-z Reread partition table
|
|
|
|
head
|
|
head [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Print first 10 lines of FILEs (or stdin). With more than one FILE,
|
|
precede each with a filename header.
|
|
|
|
-n N[bkm] Print first N lines
|
|
-n -N[bkm] Print all except N last lines
|
|
-c [-]N[bkm] Print first N bytes
|
|
(b:*512 k:*1024 m:*1024^2)
|
|
-q Never print headers
|
|
-v Always print headers
|
|
|
|
hexdump
|
|
hexdump [-bcdoxCv] [-e FMT] [-f FMT_FILE] [-n LEN] [-s OFS]
|
|
[FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format
|
|
|
|
-b 1-byte octal display
|
|
-c 1-byte character display
|
|
-d 2-byte decimal display
|
|
-o 2-byte octal display
|
|
-x 2-byte hex display
|
|
-C hex+ASCII 16 bytes per line
|
|
-v Show all (no dup folding)
|
|
-e FORMAT_STR Example: '16/1 "%02x|""\n"'
|
|
-f FORMAT_FILE
|
|
-n LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes
|
|
-s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes
|
|
|
|
hexedit
|
|
hexedit FILE
|
|
|
|
Edit FILE in hexadecimal
|
|
|
|
hostid
|
|
hostid
|
|
|
|
Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine
|
|
|
|
hostname
|
|
hostname [-sidf] [HOSTNAME | -F FILE]
|
|
|
|
Show or set hostname or DNS domain name
|
|
|
|
-s Short
|
|
-i Addresses for the hostname
|
|
-d DNS domain name
|
|
-f Fully qualified domain name
|
|
-F FILE Use FILE's content as hostname
|
|
|
|
hwclock
|
|
hwclock [-swul] [--systz] [-f DEV]
|
|
|
|
Show or set hardware clock (RTC)
|
|
|
|
-s Set system time from RTC
|
|
-w Set RTC from system time
|
|
--systz Set in-kernel timezone, correct system time
|
|
if RTC is kept in local time
|
|
-f DEV Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2)
|
|
-u Assume RTC is kept in UTC
|
|
-l Assume RTC is kept in local time
|
|
(if neither is given, read from /var/lib/hwclock/adjtime)
|
|
|
|
i2cdetect
|
|
i2cdetect -l | -F I2CBUS | [-ya] [-q|-r] I2CBUS [FIRST LAST]
|
|
|
|
Detect I2C chips
|
|
|
|
-l List installed buses
|
|
-F BUS# List functionalities on this bus
|
|
-y Disable interactive mode
|
|
-a Force scanning of non-regular addresses
|
|
-q Use smbus quick write commands for probing (default)
|
|
-r Use smbus read byte commands for probing
|
|
FIRST and LAST limit probing range
|
|
|
|
i2cdump
|
|
i2cdump [-fy] [-r FIRST-LAST] BUS ADDR [MODE]
|
|
|
|
Examine I2C registers
|
|
|
|
I2CBUS I2C bus number
|
|
ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
|
|
MODE is:
|
|
|
|
b Byte (default)
|
|
w Word
|
|
W Word on even register addresses
|
|
i I2C block
|
|
s SMBus block
|
|
c Consecutive byte
|
|
Append p for SMBus PEC
|
|
|
|
-f Force access
|
|
-y Disable interactive mode
|
|
-r Limit the number of registers being accessed
|
|
|
|
i2cget
|
|
i2cget [-fy] BUS CHIP-ADDRESS [DATA-ADDRESS [MODE]]
|
|
|
|
Read from I2C/SMBus chip registers
|
|
|
|
I2CBUS I2C bus number
|
|
ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
|
|
MODE is:
|
|
|
|
b Read byte data (default)
|
|
w Read word data
|
|
c Write byte/read byte
|
|
Append p for SMBus PEC
|
|
|
|
-f Force access
|
|
-y Disable interactive mode
|
|
|
|
i2cset
|
|
i2cset [-fy] [-m MASK] BUS CHIP-ADDRESS DATA-ADDRESS [VALUE] ...
|
|
[MODE]
|
|
|
|
Set I2C registers
|
|
|
|
I2CBUS I2C bus number
|
|
ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
|
|
MODE is:
|
|
|
|
c Byte, no value
|
|
b Byte data (default)
|
|
w Word data
|
|
i I2C block data
|
|
s SMBus block data
|
|
Append p for SMBus PEC
|
|
|
|
-f Force access
|
|
-y Disable interactive mode
|
|
-r Read back and compare the result
|
|
-m MASK Mask specifying which bits to write
|
|
|
|
i2ctransfer
|
|
i2ctransfer [-fay] I2CBUS { rLENGTH[@ADDR] | wLENGTH[@ADDR]
|
|
DATA...}...
|
|
|
|
Read/write I2C data in one transfer
|
|
|
|
-f Force access to busy addresses
|
|
-a Force access to non-regular addresses
|
|
-y Disable interactive mode
|
|
|
|
id id [-ugGnr] [USER]
|
|
|
|
Print information about USER or the current user
|
|
|
|
-u User ID
|
|
-g Group ID
|
|
-G Supplementary group IDs
|
|
-n Print names instead of numbers
|
|
-r Print real ID instead of effective ID
|
|
|
|
ifconfig
|
|
ifconfig [-a] [IFACE] [ADDRESS]
|
|
|
|
Configure a network interface
|
|
|
|
[add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
|
|
[del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
|
|
[[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
|
|
[netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
|
|
[outfill NN] [keepalive NN]
|
|
[hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
|
|
[[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
|
|
[multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic]
|
|
[mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN]
|
|
[up|down] ...
|
|
|
|
ifdown
|
|
ifdown [-nmvf] [-i FILE] -a | IFACE...
|
|
|
|
-a Deconfigure all interfaces
|
|
-i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces
|
|
-n Dry run
|
|
(note: doesn't disable mappings)
|
|
-m Don't run any mappings
|
|
-v Print out what would happen before doing it
|
|
-f Force
|
|
|
|
ifup
|
|
ifup [-nmvf] [-i FILE] -a | IFACE...
|
|
|
|
-a Configure all interfaces
|
|
-i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces
|
|
-n Dry run
|
|
(note: doesn't disable mappings)
|
|
-m Don't run any mappings
|
|
-v Print out what would happen before doing it
|
|
-f Force
|
|
|
|
inetd
|
|
inetd [-fe] [-q N] [-R N] [CONFFILE]
|
|
|
|
Listen for network connections and launch programs
|
|
|
|
-f Run in foreground
|
|
-e Log to stderr
|
|
-q N Socket listen queue (default 128)
|
|
-R N Pause services after N connects/min
|
|
(default 0 - disabled)
|
|
Default CONFFILE is /etc/inetd.conf
|
|
|
|
init
|
|
init
|
|
|
|
Init is the first process started during boot. It never exits. It
|
|
(re)spawns children according to /etc/inittab. Signals:
|
|
|
|
HUP: reload /etc/inittab TSTP: stop respawning until CONT QUIT:
|
|
re-exec another init USR1/TERM/USR2/INT: run
|
|
halt/reboot/poweroff/Ctrl-Alt-Del script
|
|
|
|
insmod
|
|
insmod FILE [SYMBOL=VALUE]...
|
|
|
|
Load kernel module
|
|
|
|
install
|
|
install [-cdDsp] [-o USER] [-g GRP] [-m MODE] [-t DIR] [SOURCE]...
|
|
DEST
|
|
|
|
Copy files and set attributes
|
|
|
|
-c Just copy (default)
|
|
-d Create directories
|
|
-D Create leading target directories
|
|
-s Strip symbol table
|
|
-p Preserve date
|
|
-o USER Set ownership
|
|
-g GRP Set group ownership
|
|
-m MODE Set permissions
|
|
-t DIR Install to DIR
|
|
|
|
iostat
|
|
iostat [-c] [-d] [-t] [-z] [-k|-m] [ALL|BLOCKDEV...] [INTERVAL
|
|
[COUNT]]
|
|
|
|
Report CPU and I/O statistics
|
|
|
|
-c Show CPU utilization
|
|
-d Show device utilization
|
|
-t Print current time
|
|
-z Omit devices with no activity
|
|
-k Use kb/s
|
|
-m Use Mb/s
|
|
|
|
ip ip [OPTIONS] address|route|link|tunnel|neigh|rule [ARGS]
|
|
|
|
OPTIONS := -f[amily] inet|inet6|link | -o[neline]
|
|
|
|
ip addr add|del IFADDR dev IFACE | show|flush [dev IFACE] [to
|
|
PREFIX] ip route list|flush|add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE
|
|
ip link set IFACE [up|down] [arp on|off] [multicast on|off] [promisc
|
|
on|off] [mtu NUM] [name NAME] [qlen NUM] [address MAC] [master IFACE
|
|
| nomaster] [netns PID] ip tunnel add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode
|
|
ipip|gre|sit] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL] ip neigh
|
|
show|flush [to PREFIX] [dev DEV] [nud STATE] ip rule [list] |
|
|
add|del SELECTOR ACTION
|
|
|
|
ipaddr
|
|
ipaddr add|del IFADDR dev IFACE | show|flush [dev IFACE] [to PREFIX]
|
|
|
|
ipaddr add|change|replace|delete dev IFACE [CONFFLAG-LIST] IFADDR
|
|
IFADDR := PREFIX | ADDR peer PREFIX [broadcast ADDR|+|-] [anycast
|
|
ADDR] [label STRING] [scope SCOPE] PREFIX := ADDR[/MASK] SCOPE :=
|
|
[host|link|global|NUMBER] CONFFLAG-LIST := [CONFFLAG-LIST] CONFFLAG
|
|
CONFFLAG := [noprefixroute] ipaddr show|flush [dev IFACE] [scope
|
|
SCOPE] [to PREFIX] [label PATTERN]
|
|
|
|
ipcrm
|
|
ipcrm [-MQS key] [-mqs id]
|
|
|
|
Upper-case options MQS remove an object by shmkey value. Lower-case
|
|
options remove an object by shmid value.
|
|
|
|
-mM Remove memory segment after last detach
|
|
-qQ Remove message queue
|
|
-sS Remove semaphore
|
|
|
|
ipcs
|
|
ipcs [[-smq] -i SHMID] | [[-asmq] [-tcplu]]
|
|
|
|
-i ID Show specific resource
|
|
Resource specification:
|
|
|
|
-m Shared memory segments
|
|
-q Message queues
|
|
-s Semaphore arrays
|
|
-a All (default)
|
|
Output format:
|
|
|
|
-t Time
|
|
-c Creator
|
|
-p Pid
|
|
-l Limits
|
|
-u Summary
|
|
|
|
iplink
|
|
iplink set IFACE [up|down] [arp on|off] [multicast on|off] [promisc
|
|
on|off] [mtu NUM] [name NAME] [qlen NUM] [address MAC] [master IFACE
|
|
| nomaster] [netns PID] iplink add [link IFACE] IFACE [address MAC]
|
|
type TYPE [ARGS] iplink delete IFACE type TYPE [ARGS] TYPE ARGS :=
|
|
vlan VLANARGS | vrf table NUM VLANARGS := id VLANID [protocol
|
|
802.1q|802.1ad] [reorder_hdr on|off] [gvrp on|off] [mvrp on|off]
|
|
[loose_binding on|off] iplink show [IFACE]
|
|
|
|
ipneigh
|
|
ipneigh show|flush [to PREFIX] [dev DEV] [nud STATE]
|
|
|
|
iproute
|
|
iproute list|flush|add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE
|
|
|
|
iproute list|flush SELECTOR SELECTOR := [root PREFIX] [match PREFIX]
|
|
[proto RTPROTO] PREFIX := default|ADDR[/MASK] iproute get ADDR [from
|
|
ADDR iif IFACE] [oif IFACE] [tos TOS] iproute
|
|
add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE ROUTE := NODE_SPEC
|
|
[INFO_SPEC] NODE_SPEC := PREFIX [table TABLE_ID] [proto RTPROTO]
|
|
[scope SCOPE] [metric METRIC] INFO_SPEC := NH OPTIONS NH := [via
|
|
[inet|inet6] ADDR] [dev IFACE] [src ADDR] [onlink] OPTIONS := [mtu
|
|
[lock] NUM] [advmss [lock] NUM]
|
|
|
|
iprule
|
|
iprule [list] | add|del SELECTOR ACTION
|
|
|
|
SELECTOR := [from PREFIX] [to PREFIX] [tos TOS] [fwmark FWMARK[/MASK]]
|
|
[dev IFACE] [pref NUMBER]
|
|
ACTION := [table TABLE_ID] [nat ADDR]
|
|
[prohibit|reject|unreachable]
|
|
[realms [SRCREALM/]DSTREALM]
|
|
TABLE_ID := [local|main|default|NUMBER]
|
|
|
|
iptunnel
|
|
iptunnel add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote
|
|
ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL]
|
|
|
|
iptunnel add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote
|
|
ADDR] [local ADDR] [[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key KEY] [[i|o]csum] [ttl TTL]
|
|
[tos TOS] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev PHYS_DEV]
|
|
|
|
kill
|
|
kill [-l] [-SIG] PID...
|
|
|
|
Send a signal (default: TERM) to given PIDs
|
|
|
|
-l List all signal names and numbers
|
|
|
|
killall
|
|
killall [-lq] [-SIG] PROCESS_NAME...
|
|
|
|
Send a signal (default: TERM) to given processes
|
|
|
|
-l List all signal names and numbers
|
|
-q Don't complain if no processes were killed
|
|
|
|
killall5
|
|
killall5 [-l] [-SIG] [-o PID]...
|
|
|
|
Send a signal (default: TERM) to all processes outside current
|
|
session
|
|
|
|
-l List all signal names and numbers
|
|
-o PID Don't signal this PID
|
|
|
|
klogd
|
|
klogd [-c N] [-n]
|
|
|
|
Log kernel messages to syslog
|
|
|
|
-c N Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
|
|
-n Run in foreground
|
|
|
|
last
|
|
last
|
|
|
|
Show listing of the last users that logged into the system
|
|
|
|
less
|
|
less [-EFIMmNSRh~] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time
|
|
|
|
-E Quit once the end of a file is reached
|
|
-F Quit if entire file fits on first screen
|
|
-I Ignore case in all searches
|
|
-M,-m Display status line with line numbers
|
|
and percentage through the file
|
|
-N Prefix line number to each line
|
|
-S Truncate long lines
|
|
-R Remove color escape codes in input
|
|
-~ Suppress ~s displayed past EOF
|
|
|
|
link
|
|
link FILE LINK
|
|
|
|
Create hard LINK to FILE
|
|
|
|
ln ln [-sfnbtv] [-S SUF] TARGET... LINK|DIR
|
|
|
|
Create a link LINK or DIR/TARGET to the specified TARGET(s)
|
|
|
|
-s Make symlinks instead of hardlinks
|
|
-f Remove existing destinations
|
|
-n Don't dereference symlinks - treat like normal file
|
|
-b Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
|
|
-S SUF Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files
|
|
-T Treat LINK as a file, not DIR
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
|
|
loadfont
|
|
loadfont < font
|
|
|
|
Load a console font from stdin
|
|
|
|
loadkmap
|
|
loadkmap < keymap
|
|
|
|
Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin
|
|
|
|
logger
|
|
logger [-s] [-t TAG] [-p PRIO] [MESSAGE]
|
|
|
|
Write MESSAGE (or stdin) to syslog
|
|
|
|
-s Log to stderr as well as the system log
|
|
-t TAG Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
|
|
-p PRIO Priority (number or FACILITY.LEVEL pair)
|
|
|
|
login
|
|
login [-p] [-h HOST] [[-f] USER]
|
|
|
|
Begin a new session on the system
|
|
|
|
-f Don't authenticate (user already authenticated)
|
|
-h HOST Host user came from (for network logins)
|
|
-p Preserve environment
|
|
|
|
$LOGIN_TIMEOUT Seconds (default 60, 0 - disable)
|
|
|
|
logname
|
|
logname
|
|
|
|
Print the name of the current user
|
|
|
|
losetup
|
|
losetup [-rP] [-o OFS] {-f|LOOPDEV} FILE: associate loop devices
|
|
losetup -c LOOPDEV: reread file size losetup -d LOOPDEV:
|
|
disassociate losetup -a: show status losetup -f: show next free loop
|
|
device
|
|
|
|
-o OFS Start OFS bytes into FILE
|
|
-P Scan for partitions
|
|
-r Read-only
|
|
-f Show/use next free loop device
|
|
|
|
ls ls [-1AaCxdLHRFplinshrSXvctu] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
List directory contents
|
|
|
|
-1 One column output
|
|
-a Include names starting with .
|
|
-A Like -a, but exclude . and ..
|
|
-x List by lines
|
|
-d List directory names, not contents
|
|
-L Follow symlinks
|
|
-H Follow symlinks on command line
|
|
-R Recurse
|
|
-p Append / to directory names
|
|
-F Append indicator (one of */=@|) to names
|
|
-l Long format
|
|
-i List inode numbers
|
|
-n List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
|
|
-s List allocated blocks
|
|
-lc List ctime
|
|
-lu List atime
|
|
--full-time List full date/time
|
|
-h Human readable sizes (1K 243M 2G)
|
|
--group-directories-first
|
|
-S Sort by size
|
|
-X Sort by extension
|
|
-v Sort by version
|
|
-t Sort by mtime
|
|
-tc Sort by ctime
|
|
-tu Sort by atime
|
|
-r Reverse sort order
|
|
-w N Format N columns wide
|
|
--color[={always,never,auto}]
|
|
|
|
lsattr
|
|
lsattr [-Radlpv] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
List ext2 file attributes
|
|
|
|
-R Recurse
|
|
-a Include names starting with .
|
|
-d List directory names, not contents
|
|
-l List long flag names
|
|
-p List project ID
|
|
-v List version/generation number
|
|
|
|
lsmod
|
|
lsmod
|
|
|
|
List loaded kernel modules
|
|
|
|
lsof
|
|
lsof
|
|
|
|
Show all open files
|
|
|
|
lspci
|
|
lspci [-mk]
|
|
|
|
List all PCI devices
|
|
|
|
-m Parsable output
|
|
-k Show driver
|
|
|
|
lzcat
|
|
lzcat [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Decompress to stdout
|
|
|
|
lzma
|
|
lzma -d [-cfk] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
|
|
|
|
-d Decompress
|
|
-c Write to stdout
|
|
-f Force
|
|
-k Keep input files
|
|
-t Test integrity
|
|
|
|
lzopcat
|
|
lzopcat [-vF] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-F Don't verify checksum
|
|
|
|
makedevs
|
|
makedevs [-d device_table] rootdir
|
|
|
|
Create a range of special files as specified in a device table.
|
|
Device table entries take the form of:
|
|
|
|
<name> <type> <mode> <uid> <gid> <major> <minor> <start> <inc>
|
|
<count> Where name is the file name, type can be one of: f Regular
|
|
file d Directory c Character device b Block device p Fifo (named
|
|
pipe) uid is the user id for the target file, gid is the group id
|
|
for the target file. The rest of the entries (major, minor, etc)
|
|
apply to to device special files. A '-' may be used for blank
|
|
entries.
|
|
|
|
md5sum
|
|
md5sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Print or check MD5 checksums
|
|
|
|
-c Check sums against list in FILEs
|
|
-s Don't output anything, status code shows success
|
|
-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
|
|
|
|
mdev
|
|
mdev [-vS] { [-s] | [-df] }
|
|
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-S Log to syslog too
|
|
-s Scan /sys and populate /dev
|
|
-d Daemon, listen on netlink
|
|
-f Run in foreground
|
|
|
|
Bare mdev is a kernel hotplug helper. To activate it: echo
|
|
/sbin/mdev >/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
|
|
|
|
It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines [-][ENV=regex;]...DEVNAME UID:GID
|
|
PERM [>|=PATH]|[!] [@|$|*PROG] where DEVNAME is device name regex,
|
|
@major,minor[-minor2], or environment variable regex. A common use
|
|
of the latter is to load modules for hotplugged devices:
|
|
|
|
$MODALIAS=.* 0:0 660 @modprobe "$MODALIAS"
|
|
|
|
If /dev/mdev.seq file exists, mdev will wait for its value to match
|
|
$SEQNUM variable. This prevents plug/unplug races. To activate this
|
|
feature, create empty /dev/mdev.seq at boot.
|
|
|
|
If /dev/mdev.log file exists, debug log will be appended to it.
|
|
|
|
mesg
|
|
mesg [y|n]
|
|
|
|
Control write access to your terminal y Allow write access to your
|
|
terminal n Disallow write access to your terminal
|
|
|
|
microcom
|
|
microcom [-d DELAY_MS] [-t TIMEOUT_MS ] [-s SPEED] [-X] TTY
|
|
|
|
Copy bytes from stdin to TTY and from TTY to stdout
|
|
|
|
-d DELAY Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending
|
|
every next byte to it
|
|
-t TIMEOUT Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms
|
|
-s SPEED Set serial line to SPEED
|
|
-X Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl-X from stdin
|
|
|
|
mim mim [-f FILE] [SHELL_OPTIONS] [TARGET] ...
|
|
|
|
Run a script from a Makefile-like specification file
|
|
|
|
-f FILE Spec file (default Mimfile)
|
|
|
|
mkdir
|
|
mkdir [-m MODE] [-p] DIRECTORY...
|
|
|
|
Create DIRECTORY
|
|
|
|
-m MODE Mode
|
|
-p No error if exists; make parent directories as needed
|
|
|
|
mkdosfs
|
|
mkdosfs [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
|
|
|
|
Make a FAT32 filesystem
|
|
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-n LBL Volume label
|
|
|
|
mke2fs
|
|
mke2fs [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m
|
|
RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
|
|
|
|
-b BLK_SIZE Block size, bytes
|
|
-F Force
|
|
-i RATIO Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
|
|
-I BYTES Inode size (min 128)
|
|
-L LBL Volume label
|
|
-m PERCENT Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
|
|
-n Dry run
|
|
|
|
mkfifo
|
|
mkfifo [-m MODE] NAME
|
|
|
|
Create named pipe
|
|
|
|
-m MODE Mode (default a=rw)
|
|
|
|
mkfs.ext2
|
|
mkfs.ext2 [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m
|
|
RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
|
|
|
|
-b BLK_SIZE Block size, bytes
|
|
-F Force
|
|
-i RATIO Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
|
|
-I BYTES Inode size (min 128)
|
|
-L LBL Volume label
|
|
-m PERCENT Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
|
|
-n Dry run
|
|
|
|
mkfs.vfat
|
|
mkfs.vfat [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
|
|
|
|
Make a FAT32 filesystem
|
|
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-n LBL Volume label
|
|
|
|
mknod
|
|
mknod [-m MODE] NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR]
|
|
|
|
Create a special file (block, character, or pipe)
|
|
|
|
-m MODE Creation mode (default a=rw)
|
|
TYPE:
|
|
b Block device
|
|
c or u Character device
|
|
p Named pipe (MAJOR MINOR must be omitted)
|
|
|
|
mkpasswd
|
|
mkpasswd [-P FD] [-m TYPE] [-S SALT] [PASSWORD] [SALT]
|
|
|
|
Print crypt(3) hashed PASSWORD
|
|
|
|
-P N Read password from fd N
|
|
-m TYPE des,md5,sha256/512 (default md5)
|
|
-S SALT
|
|
|
|
mkswap
|
|
mkswap [-L LBL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
|
|
|
|
Prepare BLOCKDEV to be used as swap partition
|
|
|
|
-L LBL Label
|
|
|
|
mktemp
|
|
mktemp [-dt] [-p DIR] [TEMPLATE]
|
|
|
|
Create a temporary file with name based on TEMPLATE and print its
|
|
name. TEMPLATE must end with XXXXXX (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX).
|
|
Without TEMPLATE, -t tmp.XXXXXX is assumed.
|
|
|
|
-d Make directory, not file
|
|
-q Fail silently on errors
|
|
-t Prepend base directory name to TEMPLATE
|
|
-p DIR Use DIR as a base directory (implies -t)
|
|
-u Do not create anything; print a name
|
|
|
|
Base directory is: -p DIR, else $TMPDIR, else /tmp
|
|
|
|
modprobe
|
|
modprobe [-alrqvsD] MODULE [SYMBOL=VALUE]...
|
|
|
|
-a Load multiple MODULEs
|
|
-l List (MODULE is a pattern)
|
|
-r Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
|
|
-q Quiet
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-s Log to syslog
|
|
-D Show dependencies
|
|
|
|
more
|
|
more [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time
|
|
|
|
mount
|
|
mount [OPTIONS] [-o OPT] DEVICE NODE
|
|
|
|
Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc.
|
|
|
|
-a Mount all filesystems in fstab
|
|
-r Read-only mount
|
|
-t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s)
|
|
-T FILE Read FILE instead of /etc/fstab
|
|
-O OPT Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only)
|
|
-o OPT:
|
|
loop Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
|
|
[a]sync Writes are [a]synchronous
|
|
[no]atime Disable/enable updates to inode access times
|
|
[no]diratime Disable/enable atime updates to directories
|
|
[no]relatime Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time
|
|
[no]dev (Dis)allow use of special device files
|
|
[no]exec (Dis)allow use of executable files
|
|
[no]suid (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs
|
|
[r]shared Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
|
|
[r]slave Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
|
|
[r]private Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
|
|
[un]bindable Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
|
|
[r]bind Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location
|
|
move Relocate an existing mount point
|
|
remount Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags
|
|
ro Same as -r
|
|
|
|
There are filesystem-specific -o flags.
|
|
|
|
mountpoint
|
|
mountpoint [-q] { [-dn] DIR | -x DEVICE }
|
|
|
|
Check if DIR is a mountpoint
|
|
|
|
-q Quiet
|
|
-d Print major:minor of the filesystem
|
|
-n Print device name of the filesystem
|
|
-x Print major:minor of DEVICE
|
|
|
|
mpstat
|
|
mpstat [-A] [-I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU] [-u] [-P num|ALL] [INTERVAL
|
|
[COUNT]]
|
|
|
|
Per-processor statistics
|
|
|
|
-A Same as -I ALL -u -P ALL
|
|
-I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU Report interrupt statistics
|
|
-P num|ALL Processor to monitor
|
|
-u Report CPU utilization
|
|
|
|
mt mt [-f DEVICE] OPCODE VALUE
|
|
|
|
Control magnetic tape drive operation
|
|
|
|
Opcodes:
|
|
|
|
bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm
|
|
fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension
|
|
rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock
|
|
weof wset
|
|
|
|
mv mv [-finT] SOURCE DEST or: mv [-fin] SOURCE... { -t DIRECTORY |
|
|
DIRECTORY }
|
|
|
|
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCEs to DIRECTORY
|
|
|
|
-f Don't prompt before overwriting
|
|
-i Interactive, prompt before overwrite
|
|
-n Don't overwrite an existing file
|
|
-T Refuse to move if DEST is a directory
|
|
-t DIR Move all SOURCEs into DIR
|
|
|
|
nameif
|
|
nameif [-s] [-c FILE] [IFNAME HWADDR]...
|
|
|
|
Rename network interface while it in the down state. The device with
|
|
address HWADDR is renamed to IFNAME.
|
|
|
|
-c FILE Configuration file (default: /etc/mactab)
|
|
-s Log to syslog
|
|
|
|
netstat
|
|
netstat [-ral] [-tuwx] [-en]
|
|
|
|
Display networking information
|
|
|
|
-r Routing table
|
|
-a All sockets
|
|
-l Listening sockets
|
|
Else: connected sockets
|
|
-t TCP sockets
|
|
-u UDP sockets
|
|
-w Raw sockets
|
|
-x Unix sockets
|
|
Else: all socket types
|
|
-e Other/more information
|
|
-n Don't resolve names
|
|
|
|
nice
|
|
nice [-n ADJUST] [PROG ARGS]
|
|
|
|
Change scheduling priority, run PROG
|
|
|
|
-n ADJUST Adjust priority by ADJUST
|
|
|
|
nl nl [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Write FILEs to standard output with line numbers added
|
|
|
|
-b STYLE Which lines to number - a: all, t: nonempty, n: none
|
|
-i N Line number increment
|
|
-s STRING Use STRING as line number separator
|
|
-v N Start from N
|
|
-w N Width of line numbers
|
|
|
|
nohup
|
|
nohup PROG ARGS
|
|
|
|
Run PROG immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty
|
|
|
|
nologin
|
|
nologin
|
|
|
|
Politely refuse a login
|
|
|
|
nproc
|
|
nproc [--all] [--ignore=N]
|
|
|
|
Print number of available CPUs
|
|
|
|
--all Number of installed CPUs
|
|
--ignore=N Exclude N CPUs
|
|
|
|
nslookup
|
|
nslookup [-type=QUERY_TYPE] [-debug] HOST [DNS_SERVER]
|
|
|
|
Query DNS about HOST
|
|
|
|
QUERY_TYPE: soa,ns,a,aaaa,cname,mx,txt,ptr,srv,any
|
|
|
|
nuke
|
|
nuke DIR...
|
|
|
|
Remove DIRs
|
|
|
|
od od [-abcdfhilovxs] [-t TYPE] [-A RADIX] [-N SIZE] [-j SKIP] [-S
|
|
MINSTR] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Print FILEs (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default
|
|
|
|
openvt
|
|
openvt [-c N] [-sw] [PROG ARGS]
|
|
|
|
Start PROG on a new virtual terminal
|
|
|
|
-c N Use specified VT
|
|
-s Switch to the VT
|
|
-w Wait for PROG to exit
|
|
|
|
partprobe
|
|
partprobe DEVICE...
|
|
|
|
Ask kernel to rescan partition table
|
|
|
|
passwd
|
|
passwd [-a ALG] [-dlu] [USER]
|
|
|
|
Change USER's password (default: current user)
|
|
|
|
-a ALG des,md5,sha256/512 (default md5)
|
|
-d Set password to ''
|
|
-l Lock (disable) account
|
|
-u Unlock (enable) account
|
|
|
|
paste
|
|
paste [-d LIST] [-s] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Paste lines from each input file, separated with tab
|
|
|
|
-d LIST Use delimiters from LIST, not tab
|
|
-s Serial: one file at a time
|
|
|
|
patch
|
|
patch [-RNE] [-p N] [-i DIFF] [ORIGFILE [PATCHFILE]]
|
|
|
|
-p N Strip N leading components from file names
|
|
-i DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin
|
|
-R Reverse patch
|
|
-N Ignore already applied patches
|
|
-E Remove output files if they become empty
|
|
--dry-run Don't actually change files
|
|
|
|
pgrep
|
|
pgrep [-flanovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]
|
|
|
|
Display process(es) selected by regex PATTERN
|
|
|
|
-l Show command name too
|
|
-a Show command line too
|
|
-f Match against entire command line
|
|
-n Show the newest process only
|
|
-o Show the oldest process only
|
|
-v Negate the match
|
|
-x Match whole name (not substring)
|
|
-s Match session ID (0 for current)
|
|
-P Match parent process ID
|
|
|
|
pidof
|
|
pidof [-s] [-o PID] [NAME]...
|
|
|
|
List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs
|
|
|
|
-s Show only one PID
|
|
-o PID Omit given pid
|
|
Use %PPID to omit pid of pidof's parent
|
|
|
|
ping
|
|
ping [OPTIONS] HOST
|
|
|
|
Send ICMP ECHO_REQUESTs to HOST
|
|
|
|
-c CNT Send only CNT pings
|
|
-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56)
|
|
-i SECS Interval
|
|
-A Ping as soon as reply is received
|
|
-t TTL Set TTL
|
|
-I IFACE/IP Source interface or IP address
|
|
-W SEC Seconds to wait for the first response (default 10)
|
|
(after all -c CNT packets are sent)
|
|
-w SEC Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
|
|
(can exit earlier with -c CNT)
|
|
-q Quiet, only display output at start/finish
|
|
-p HEXBYTE Payload pattern
|
|
|
|
pivot_root
|
|
pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD
|
|
|
|
Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT the
|
|
new root file system
|
|
|
|
pkill
|
|
pkill [-l|-SIGNAL] [-xfvnoe] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]
|
|
|
|
Send signal to processes selected by regex PATTERN
|
|
|
|
-l List all signals
|
|
-x Match whole name (not substring)
|
|
-f Match against entire command line
|
|
-s SID Match session ID (0 for current)
|
|
-P PPID Match parent process ID
|
|
-v Negate the match
|
|
-n Signal the newest process only
|
|
-o Signal the oldest process only
|
|
-e Display name and PID of the process being killed
|
|
|
|
pmap
|
|
pmap [-xq] PID...
|
|
|
|
Display process memory usage
|
|
|
|
-x Show details
|
|
-q Quiet
|
|
|
|
poweroff
|
|
poweroff [-d DELAY] [-nf]
|
|
|
|
Halt and shut off power
|
|
|
|
-d SEC Delay interval
|
|
-n Do not sync
|
|
-f Force (don't go through init)
|
|
|
|
printenv
|
|
printenv [VARIABLE]...
|
|
|
|
Print environment VARIABLEs. If no VARIABLE specified, print all.
|
|
|
|
printf
|
|
printf FORMAT [ARG]...
|
|
|
|
Format and print ARG(s) according to FORMAT (a-la C printf)
|
|
|
|
ps ps [-o COL1,COL2=HEADER] [-T]
|
|
|
|
Show list of processes
|
|
|
|
-o COL1,COL2=HEADER Select columns for display
|
|
-T Show threads
|
|
|
|
pwd pwd
|
|
|
|
Print the full filename of the current working directory
|
|
|
|
rdate
|
|
rdate [-s/-p] HOST
|
|
|
|
Set and print time from HOST using RFC 868
|
|
|
|
-s Only set system time
|
|
-p Only print time
|
|
|
|
readlink
|
|
readlink [-fnv] FILE
|
|
|
|
Display the value of a symlink
|
|
|
|
-f Canonicalize by following all symlinks
|
|
-n Don't add newline
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
|
|
readprofile
|
|
readprofile [OPTIONS]
|
|
|
|
-m MAPFILE (Default: /boot/System.map)
|
|
-p PROFILE (Default: /proc/profile)
|
|
-M NUM Set the profiling multiplier to NUM
|
|
-i Print only info about the sampling step
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-a Print all symbols, even if count is 0
|
|
-b Print individual histogram-bin counts
|
|
-s Print individual counters within functions
|
|
-r Reset all the counters (root only)
|
|
-n Disable byte order auto-detection
|
|
|
|
realpath
|
|
realpath FILE...
|
|
|
|
Print absolute pathnames of FILEs
|
|
|
|
reboot
|
|
reboot [-d DELAY] [-nf]
|
|
|
|
Reboot the system
|
|
|
|
-d SEC Delay interval
|
|
-n Do not sync
|
|
-f Force (don't go through init)
|
|
|
|
renice
|
|
renice [-n] PRIORITY [[-p|g|u] ID...]...
|
|
|
|
Change scheduling priority of a running process
|
|
|
|
-n Add PRIORITY to current nice value
|
|
Without -n, nice value is set to PRIORITY
|
|
-p Process ids (default)
|
|
-g Process group ids
|
|
-u Process user names
|
|
|
|
reset
|
|
reset
|
|
|
|
Reset terminal (ESC codes) and termios (signals, buffering, echo)
|
|
|
|
resize
|
|
resize
|
|
|
|
Resize the screen
|
|
|
|
resume
|
|
resume BLOCKDEV [OFFSET]
|
|
|
|
Restore system state from 'suspend-to-disk' data in BLOCKDEV
|
|
|
|
rm rm [-irf] FILE...
|
|
|
|
Remove (unlink) FILEs
|
|
|
|
-i Always prompt before removing
|
|
-f Never prompt
|
|
-R,-r Recurse
|
|
|
|
rmdir
|
|
rmdir [-p] DIRECTORY...
|
|
|
|
Remove DIRECTORY if it is empty
|
|
|
|
-p Include parents
|
|
--ignore-fail-on-non-empty
|
|
|
|
rmmod
|
|
rmmod [-wfa] [MODULE]...
|
|
|
|
Unload kernel modules
|
|
|
|
-w Wait until the module is no longer used
|
|
-f Force unload
|
|
-a Remove all unused modules (recursively)
|
|
|
|
route
|
|
route [-ne] [-A inet[6]] [{add|del} [-net|-host] TARGET [netmask
|
|
MASK] [gw GATEWAY] [metric N] [mss BYTES] [window BYTES] [reject]
|
|
[IFACE]]
|
|
|
|
Show or edit kernel routing tables
|
|
|
|
-n Don't resolve names
|
|
-e Display other/more information
|
|
-A inet[6] Select address family
|
|
|
|
run-init
|
|
run-init [-d CAP,CAP...] [-n] [-c CONSOLE_DEV] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT
|
|
[ARGS]
|
|
|
|
Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:
|
|
|
|
chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute
|
|
NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.
|
|
|
|
-c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch
|
|
-d CAPS Drop capabilities
|
|
-n Dry run
|
|
|
|
run-parts
|
|
run-parts [-a ARG]... [-u UMASK] [--reverse] [--test]
|
|
[--exit-on-error] DIRECTORY
|
|
|
|
Run a bunch of scripts in DIRECTORY
|
|
|
|
-a ARG Pass ARG as argument to scripts
|
|
-u UMASK Set UMASK before running scripts
|
|
--reverse Reverse execution order
|
|
--test Dry run
|
|
--exit-on-error Exit if a script exits with non-zero
|
|
|
|
runlevel
|
|
runlevel [FILE]
|
|
|
|
Find the current and previous system runlevel
|
|
|
|
If no utmp FILE exists or if no runlevel record can be found, print
|
|
"unknown"
|
|
|
|
sed sed [-i[SFX]] [-nrE] [-f FILE]... [-e CMD]... [FILE]... or: sed
|
|
[-i[SFX]] [-nrE] CMD [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
-e CMD Add CMD to sed commands to be executed
|
|
-f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed
|
|
-i[SFX] Edit files in-place (otherwise write to stdout)
|
|
Optionally back files up, appending SFX
|
|
-n Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
|
|
-r,-E Use extended regex syntax
|
|
|
|
If no -e or -f, the first non-option argument is the sed command
|
|
string. Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none).
|
|
|
|
seedrng
|
|
seedrng [-d DIR] [-n]
|
|
|
|
Seed the kernel RNG from seed files
|
|
|
|
-d DIR Use seed files in DIR (default: /var/lib/seedrng)
|
|
-n Do not credit randomness, even if creditable
|
|
|
|
seq seq [-w] [-s SEP] [FIRST [INC]] LAST
|
|
|
|
Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INC. FIRST, INC
|
|
default to 1.
|
|
|
|
-w Pad to last with leading zeros
|
|
-s SEP String separator
|
|
|
|
setarch
|
|
setarch PERSONALITY [-R] PROG ARGS
|
|
|
|
PERSONALITY may be:
|
|
|
|
linux32 Set 32bit uname emulation
|
|
linux64 Set 64bit uname emulation
|
|
|
|
-R Disable address space randomization
|
|
|
|
setconsole
|
|
setconsole [-r] [DEVICE]
|
|
|
|
Make writes to /dev/console appear on DEVICE (default: /dev/tty).
|
|
Does not redirect kernel log output or reads from /dev/console.
|
|
|
|
-r Reset: writes to /dev/console go to kernel log tty(s)
|
|
|
|
setfattr
|
|
setfattr [-h] -n|-x ATTR [-v VALUE] FILE...
|
|
|
|
Set extended attributes
|
|
|
|
-h Do not follow symlinks
|
|
-x ATTR Remove attribute ATTR
|
|
-n ATTR Set attribute ATTR to VALUE
|
|
-v VALUE (default: empty)
|
|
|
|
setkeycodes
|
|
setkeycodes { SCANCODE KEYCODE }...
|
|
|
|
Modify kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual keyboards
|
|
to generate usable keycodes.
|
|
|
|
SCANCODE is either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), KEYCODE is decimal.
|
|
|
|
setlogcons
|
|
setlogcons [N]
|
|
|
|
Pin kernel output to VT console N. Default:0 (do not pin)
|
|
|
|
setpriv
|
|
setpriv [OPTIONS] PROG ARGS
|
|
|
|
Run PROG with different privilege settings
|
|
|
|
-d,--dump Show current capabilities --nnp,--no-new-privs Ignore
|
|
setuid/setgid bits and file capabilities --inh-caps CAP,CAP Set
|
|
inheritable capabilities --ambient-caps CAP,CAP Set ambient
|
|
capabilities
|
|
|
|
setserial
|
|
setserial [-abGvz] { DEVICE [PARAMETER [ARG]]... | -g DEVICE... }
|
|
|
|
Print or set serial port parameters
|
|
|
|
-a Print all
|
|
-b Print summary
|
|
-G Print as setserial PARAMETERs
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-z Zero out serial flags before setting
|
|
-g All args are device names
|
|
|
|
PARAMETERs: (* = takes ARG, ^ = can be turned off by preceding ^)
|
|
*port, *irq, *divisor, *uart, *baud_base, *close_delay,
|
|
*closing_wait, ^fourport, ^auto_irq, ^skip_test, ^sak,
|
|
^session_lockout, ^pgrp_lockout, ^callout_nohup, ^split_termios,
|
|
^hup_notify, ^low_latency, autoconfig, spd_normal, spd_hi, spd_vhi,
|
|
spd_shi, spd_warp, spd_cust ARG for uart:
|
|
|
|
unknown, 8250, 16450, 16550, 16550A, Cirrus, 16650, 16650V2, 16750,
|
|
16950, 16954, 16654, 16850, RSA, NS16550A, XSCALE, RM9000, OCTEON, AR7,
|
|
U6_16550A
|
|
|
|
setsid
|
|
setsid [-c] PROG ARGS
|
|
|
|
Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal
|
|
and will not be affected by keyboard signals (^C etc).
|
|
|
|
-c Set controlling terminal to stdin
|
|
|
|
sh sh [-il] [-|+Cabefmnuvx] [-|+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 ARGS] |
|
|
FILE ARGS | -s ARGS]
|
|
|
|
Unix shell interpreter
|
|
|
|
sha1sum
|
|
sha1sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Print or check SHA1 checksums
|
|
|
|
-c Check sums against list in FILEs
|
|
-s Don't output anything, status code shows success
|
|
-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
|
|
|
|
sha256sum
|
|
sha256sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Print or check SHA256 checksums
|
|
|
|
-c Check sums against list in FILEs
|
|
-s Don't output anything, status code shows success
|
|
-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
|
|
|
|
sha3sum
|
|
sha3sum [-c[sw]] [-a BITS] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Print or check SHA3 checksums
|
|
|
|
-c Check sums against list in FILEs
|
|
-s Don't output anything, status code shows success
|
|
-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
|
|
-a BITS 224 (default), 256, 384, 512
|
|
|
|
sha512sum
|
|
sha512sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Print or check SHA512 checksums
|
|
|
|
-c Check sums against list in FILEs
|
|
-s Don't output anything, status code shows success
|
|
-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
|
|
|
|
shred
|
|
shred [-fuz] [-n N] [-s SIZE] FILE...
|
|
|
|
Overwrite/delete FILEs
|
|
|
|
-f Chmod to ensure writability
|
|
-s SIZE Size to write
|
|
-n N Overwrite N times (default 3)
|
|
-z Final overwrite with zeros
|
|
-u Remove file
|
|
|
|
sleep
|
|
sleep [N]...
|
|
|
|
Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each
|
|
arg can have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or
|
|
(d)ays
|
|
|
|
sort
|
|
sort [-nrughMcszbdfiokt] [-o FILE] [-k
|
|
START[.OFS][OPTS][,END[.OFS][OPTS]] [-t CHAR] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Sort lines of text
|
|
|
|
-o FILE Output to FILE
|
|
-c Check whether input is sorted
|
|
-b Ignore leading blanks
|
|
-f Ignore case
|
|
-i Ignore unprintable characters
|
|
-d Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
|
|
-n Sort numbers
|
|
-g General numerical sort
|
|
-h Sort human readable numbers (2K 1G)
|
|
-M Sort month
|
|
-V Sort version
|
|
-t CHAR Field separator
|
|
-k N[,M] Sort by Nth field
|
|
-r Reverse sort order
|
|
-s Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically)
|
|
-u Suppress duplicate lines
|
|
-z NUL terminated input and output
|
|
|
|
start-stop-daemon
|
|
start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-S|-K] ... [-- ARGS...]
|
|
|
|
Search for matching processes, and then -K: stop all matching
|
|
processes -S: start a process unless a matching process is found
|
|
|
|
Process matching:
|
|
|
|
-u USERNAME|UID Match only this user's processes
|
|
-n NAME Match processes with NAME
|
|
in comm field in /proc/PID/stat
|
|
-x EXECUTABLE Match processes with this command
|
|
in /proc/PID/cmdline
|
|
-p FILE Match a process with PID from FILE
|
|
All specified conditions must match
|
|
-S only:
|
|
-x EXECUTABLE Program to run
|
|
-a NAME Zeroth argument
|
|
-b Background
|
|
-N N Change nice level
|
|
-c USER[:[GRP]] Change user/group
|
|
-m Write PID to pidfile specified by -p
|
|
-K only:
|
|
-s SIG Signal to send
|
|
-t Match only, exit with 0 if found
|
|
Other:
|
|
|
|
-o Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-q Quiet
|
|
|
|
strings
|
|
strings [-fo] [-t o|d|x] [-n LEN] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Display printable strings in a binary file
|
|
|
|
-f Precede strings with filenames
|
|
-o Precede strings with octal offsets
|
|
-t o|d|x Precede strings with offsets in base 8/10/16
|
|
-n LEN At least LEN characters form a string (default 4)
|
|
|
|
stty
|
|
stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...
|
|
|
|
Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations
|
|
from stty sane
|
|
|
|
-F DEVICE Open device instead of stdin
|
|
-a Print all current settings in human-readable form
|
|
-g Print in stty-readable form
|
|
[SETTING] See manpage
|
|
|
|
su su [-lmp] [-s SH] [-] [USER [FILE ARGS | -c 'CMD' [ARG0 ARGS]]]
|
|
|
|
Run shell under USER (by default, root)
|
|
|
|
-,-l Clear environment, go to home dir, run shell as login shell
|
|
-p,-m Do not set new $HOME, $SHELL, $USER, $LOGNAME
|
|
-c CMD Command to pass to 'sh -c'
|
|
-s SH Shell to use instead of user's default
|
|
|
|
sulogin
|
|
sulogin [-t N] [TTY]
|
|
|
|
Single user login
|
|
|
|
-p Start a login shell
|
|
-t SEC Timeout
|
|
|
|
svc svc [-udopchaitkx] SERVICE_DIR...
|
|
|
|
Control services monitored by runsv supervisor
|
|
|
|
-u If service is not running, start it; restart if it stops
|
|
-d If service is running, send TERM+CONT signals; do not restart it
|
|
-o Once: if service is not running, start it; do not restart it
|
|
-pchaitk Send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, TERM, KILL signal to service
|
|
-x Exit: runsv will exit as soon as the service is down
|
|
|
|
svok
|
|
svok SERVICE_DIR
|
|
|
|
Check whether runsv supervisor is running. Exit code is 0 if it
|
|
does, 100 if it does not, 111 (with error message) if SERVICE_DIR
|
|
does not exist.
|
|
|
|
swapoff
|
|
swapoff [-a] [DEVICE]
|
|
|
|
Stop swapping on DEVICE
|
|
|
|
-a Stop swapping on all swap devices
|
|
|
|
swapon
|
|
swapon [-a] [-e] [DEVICE]
|
|
|
|
Start swapping on DEVICE
|
|
|
|
-a Start swapping on all swap devices
|
|
-e Silently skip devices that do not exist
|
|
|
|
switch_root
|
|
switch_root [-c CONSOLE_DEV] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]
|
|
|
|
Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:
|
|
|
|
chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute
|
|
NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.
|
|
|
|
-c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch
|
|
|
|
sync
|
|
sync
|
|
|
|
Write all buffered blocks to disk
|
|
|
|
sysctl
|
|
sysctl [-enq] { -a | -p [FILE]... | [-w] [KEY[=VALUE]]... }
|
|
|
|
Show/set kernel parameters
|
|
|
|
-e Don't warn about unknown keys
|
|
-n Don't show key names
|
|
-q Quiet
|
|
-a Show all values
|
|
-p Set values from FILEs (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
|
|
-w Set values
|
|
|
|
syslogd
|
|
syslogd [OPTIONS]
|
|
|
|
System logging utility (this version of syslogd ignores
|
|
/etc/syslog.conf)
|
|
|
|
-n Run in foreground
|
|
-R HOST[:PORT] Log to HOST:PORT (default PORT:514)
|
|
-L Log locally and via network (default is network only if -R)
|
|
-O FILE Log to FILE (default: /var/log/messages, stdout if -)
|
|
-s SIZE Max size (KB) before rotation (default 200KB, 0=off)
|
|
-b N N rotated logs to keep (default 1, max 99, 0=purge)
|
|
-l N Log only messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
|
|
-S Smaller output
|
|
-t Strip client-generated timestamps
|
|
|
|
tail
|
|
tail [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Print last 10 lines of FILEs (or stdin) to. With more than one FILE,
|
|
precede each with a filename header.
|
|
|
|
-c [+]N[bkm] Print last N bytes
|
|
-n N[bkm] Print last N lines
|
|
-n +N[bkm] Start on Nth line and print the rest
|
|
(b:*512 k:*1024 m:*1024^2)
|
|
-q Never print headers
|
|
-v Always print headers
|
|
-f Print data as file grows
|
|
-F Same as -f, but keep retrying
|
|
-s SECONDS Wait SECONDS between reads with -f
|
|
|
|
tar tar c|x|t [-zJjahvokO] [-f TARFILE] [-C DIR] [-T FILE] [-X FILE]
|
|
[LONGOPT]... [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Create, extract, or list files from a tar file
|
|
|
|
c Create
|
|
x Extract
|
|
t List
|
|
-f FILE Name of TARFILE ('-' for stdin/out)
|
|
-C DIR Change to DIR before operation
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-O Extract to stdout
|
|
-o Don't restore user:group
|
|
-k Don't replace existing files
|
|
-z (De)compress using gzip
|
|
-J (De)compress using xz
|
|
-j (De)compress using bzip2
|
|
--lzma (De)compress using lzma
|
|
-a (De)compress based on extension
|
|
-h Follow symlinks
|
|
-T FILE File with names to include
|
|
-X FILE File with glob patterns to exclude
|
|
--exclude PATTERN Glob pattern to exclude
|
|
--overwrite Replace existing files
|
|
--strip-components NUM NUM of leading components to strip
|
|
--no-recursion Don't descend in directories
|
|
--numeric-owner Use numeric user:group
|
|
--no-same-permissions Don't restore access permissions
|
|
--to-command COMMAND Pipe files to COMMAND
|
|
|
|
tc tc OBJECT CMD [dev STRING]
|
|
|
|
OBJECT: qdisc|class|filter CMD: add|del|change|replace|show
|
|
|
|
qdisc [handle QHANDLE] [root|ingress|parent CLASSID] [[QDISC_KIND]
|
|
[help|OPTIONS]] QDISC_KIND := [p|b]fifo|tbf|prio|cbq|red|etc. qdisc
|
|
show [dev STRING] [ingress] class [classid CLASSID] [root|parent
|
|
CLASSID] [[QDISC_KIND] [help|OPTIONS] ] class show [ dev STRING ]
|
|
[root|parent CLASSID] filter [pref PRIO] [protocol PROTO]
|
|
[root|classid CLASSID] [handle FILTERID] [[FILTER_TYPE]
|
|
[help|OPTIONS]] filter show [dev STRING] [root|parent CLASSID]
|
|
|
|
tee tee [-ai] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Copy stdin to each FILE, and also to stdout
|
|
|
|
-a Append to the given FILEs, don't overwrite
|
|
-i Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)
|
|
|
|
telnet
|
|
telnet [-a] [-l USER] HOST [PORT]
|
|
|
|
Connect to telnet server
|
|
|
|
-a Automatic login with $USER variable
|
|
-l USER Automatic login as USER
|
|
|
|
telnetd
|
|
telnetd [OPTIONS]
|
|
|
|
Handle incoming telnet connections
|
|
|
|
-l LOGIN Exec LOGIN on connect
|
|
-f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
|
|
-K Close connection as soon as login exits
|
|
(normally wait until all programs close slave pty)
|
|
-p PORT Port to listen on. Default 23
|
|
-b ADDR[:PORT] Address to bind to
|
|
-F Run in foreground
|
|
-i Inetd mode
|
|
-w SEC Inetd 'wait' mode, linger time SEC
|
|
inetd.conf line: 23 stream tcp wait root telnetd telnetd -w10
|
|
-S Log to syslog (implied by -i or without -F and -w)
|
|
|
|
tftp
|
|
tftp [OPTIONS] HOST [PORT]
|
|
|
|
Transfer a file from/to tftp server
|
|
|
|
-l FILE Local FILE
|
|
-r FILE Remote FILE
|
|
-g Get file
|
|
-p Put file
|
|
-b SIZE Transfer blocks in bytes
|
|
|
|
time
|
|
time [-vpa] [-o FILE] PROG ARGS
|
|
|
|
Run PROG, display resource usage when it exits
|
|
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-p POSIX output format
|
|
-f FMT Custom format
|
|
-o FILE Write result to FILE
|
|
-a Append (else overwrite)
|
|
|
|
top top [-bH] [-n COUNT] [-d SECONDS]
|
|
|
|
Show a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of all
|
|
processes from /proc each SECONDS and show a screenful of them.
|
|
Keys:
|
|
|
|
N/M/P/T: sort by pid/mem/cpu/time
|
|
R: reverse sort
|
|
H: toggle threads
|
|
Q,^C: exit
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
-b Batch mode
|
|
-n N Exit after N iterations
|
|
-d SEC Delay between updates
|
|
-H Show threads
|
|
|
|
touch
|
|
touch [-cham] [-d DATE] [-t DATE] [-r FILE] FILE...
|
|
|
|
Update mtime of FILEs
|
|
|
|
-c Don't create files
|
|
-h Don't follow links
|
|
-a Change only atime
|
|
-m Change only mtime
|
|
-d DT Date/time to use
|
|
-t DT Date/time to use
|
|
-r FILE Use FILE's date/time
|
|
|
|
tr tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
|
|
|
|
Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to
|
|
stdout
|
|
|
|
-c Take complement of STRING1
|
|
-d Delete input characters coded STRING1
|
|
-s Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
|
|
|
|
traceroute
|
|
traceroute [-Flnrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m MAXTTL] [-q PROBES] [-p PORT]
|
|
[-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-s SRC_IP] [-i IFACE] [-z PAUSE_MSEC] HOST
|
|
[BYTES]
|
|
|
|
Trace the route to HOST
|
|
|
|
-F Set don't fragment bit
|
|
-l Display TTL value of the returned packet
|
|
-n Print numeric addresses
|
|
-r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
|
|
-f N First number of hops (default 1)
|
|
-m N Max number of hops
|
|
-q N Number of probes per hop (default 3)
|
|
-p N Base UDP port number used in probes
|
|
(default 33434)
|
|
-s IP Source address
|
|
-i IFACE Source interface
|
|
-t N Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
|
|
-w SEC Wait for a response (default 3)
|
|
-z MSEC Wait before each send
|
|
|
|
truncate
|
|
truncate [-c] -s SIZE FILE...
|
|
|
|
Truncate FILEs to SIZE
|
|
|
|
-c Do not create files
|
|
-s SIZE
|
|
|
|
ts ts [-is] [STRFTIME]
|
|
|
|
Pipe stdin to stdout, add timestamp to each line
|
|
|
|
-s Time since start
|
|
-i Time since previous line
|
|
|
|
tsort
|
|
tsort [FILE]
|
|
|
|
Topological sort
|
|
|
|
tty tty [-s]
|
|
|
|
Print file name of stdin's terminal
|
|
|
|
-s Print nothing, only return exit status
|
|
|
|
ubirename
|
|
ubirename UBI_DEVICE OLD_VOLNAME NEW_VOLNAME [OLD2 NEW2]...
|
|
|
|
Rename UBI volumes on UBI_DEVICE
|
|
|
|
udhcpc
|
|
udhcpc [-fbqRB] [-a[MSEC]] [-t N] [-T SEC] [-A SEC|-n] [-i IFACE]
|
|
[-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE] [-oC] [-r IP] [-V VENDOR] [-F NAME] [-x
|
|
OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]...
|
|
|
|
-i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
|
|
-s PROG Run PROG at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
|
|
-p FILE Create pidfile
|
|
-B Request broadcast replies
|
|
-t N Send up to N discover packets (default 3)
|
|
-T SEC Pause between packets (default 3)
|
|
-A SEC Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20)
|
|
-b Background if lease is not obtained
|
|
-n Exit if lease is not obtained
|
|
-q Exit after obtaining lease
|
|
-R Release IP on exit
|
|
-f Run in foreground
|
|
-S Log to syslog too
|
|
-a[MSEC] Validate offered address with ARP ping
|
|
-r IP Request this IP address
|
|
-o Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
|
|
-O OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative)
|
|
-x OPT:VAL Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
|
|
Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts:
|
|
-x hostname:bbox - option 12
|
|
-x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time)
|
|
-x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id)
|
|
-x 14:'"dumpfile"' - option 14 (shell-quoted)
|
|
-F NAME Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME
|
|
-V VENDOR Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION')
|
|
-C Don't send MAC as client identifier
|
|
Signals:
|
|
|
|
USR1 Renew lease
|
|
USR2 Release lease
|
|
|
|
uevent
|
|
uevent [PROG ARGS]
|
|
|
|
uevent runs PROG for every netlink notification. PROG's environment
|
|
contains data passed from the kernel. Typical usage (daemon for
|
|
dynamic device node creation): # uevent mdev & mdev -s
|
|
|
|
umount
|
|
umount [-rlfda] [-t FSTYPE] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY
|
|
|
|
Unmount filesystems
|
|
|
|
-a Unmount all filesystems
|
|
-r Remount devices read-only if mount is busy
|
|
-l Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
|
|
-f Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
|
|
-d Free loop device if it has been used
|
|
-t FSTYPE[,...] Unmount only these filesystem type(s)
|
|
|
|
uname
|
|
uname [-amnrspvio]
|
|
|
|
Print system information
|
|
|
|
-a Print all
|
|
-m Machine (hardware) type
|
|
-n Hostname
|
|
-r Kernel release
|
|
-s Kernel name (default)
|
|
-p Processor type
|
|
-v Kernel version
|
|
-i Hardware platform
|
|
-o OS name
|
|
|
|
uniq
|
|
uniq [-cduiz] [-f,s,w N] [FILE [OUTFILE]]
|
|
|
|
Discard duplicate lines
|
|
|
|
-c Prefix lines by the number of occurrences
|
|
-d Only print duplicate lines
|
|
-u Only print unique lines
|
|
-i Ignore case
|
|
-z NUL terminated output
|
|
-f N Skip first N fields
|
|
-s N Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields)
|
|
-w N Compare N characters in line
|
|
|
|
unix2dos
|
|
unix2dos [-ud] [FILE]
|
|
|
|
Convert FILE in-place from Unix to DOS format. When no file is
|
|
given, use stdin/stdout.
|
|
|
|
-u dos2unix
|
|
-d unix2dos
|
|
|
|
unlink
|
|
unlink FILE
|
|
|
|
Delete FILE by calling unlink()
|
|
|
|
unlzma
|
|
unlzma [-cfk] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
|
|
|
|
-c Write to stdout
|
|
-f Force
|
|
-k Keep input files
|
|
-t Test integrity
|
|
|
|
unlzop
|
|
unlzop [-cfUvF] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
-c Write to stdout
|
|
-f Force
|
|
-U Delete input files
|
|
-t Test integrity
|
|
-v Verbose
|
|
-F Don't verify checksum
|
|
|
|
unxz
|
|
unxz [-cfk] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
|
|
|
|
-c Write to stdout
|
|
-f Force
|
|
-k Keep input files
|
|
-t Test integrity
|
|
|
|
unzip
|
|
unzip [-lnojpqK] FILE[.zip] [FILE]... [-x FILE]... [-d DIR]
|
|
|
|
Extract FILEs from ZIP archive
|
|
|
|
-l List contents (with -q for short form)
|
|
-n Never overwrite files (default: ask)
|
|
-o Overwrite
|
|
-j Do not restore paths
|
|
-p Write to stdout
|
|
-t Test
|
|
-q Quiet
|
|
-K Do not clear SUID bit
|
|
-x FILE Exclude FILEs
|
|
-d DIR Extract into DIR
|
|
|
|
uptime
|
|
uptime
|
|
|
|
Display the time since the last boot
|
|
|
|
usleep
|
|
usleep N
|
|
|
|
Pause for N microseconds
|
|
|
|
uudecode
|
|
uudecode [-o OUTFILE] [INFILE]
|
|
|
|
Uudecode a file Finds OUTFILE in uuencoded source unless -o is given
|
|
|
|
uuencode
|
|
uuencode [-m] [FILE] STORED_FILENAME
|
|
|
|
Uuencode FILE (or stdin) to stdout
|
|
|
|
-m Use base64 encoding per RFC1521
|
|
|
|
vconfig
|
|
vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS]
|
|
|
|
Create and remove virtual ethernet devices
|
|
|
|
add IFACE VLAN_ID
|
|
rem VLAN_NAME
|
|
set_flag IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS
|
|
set_egress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
|
|
set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
|
|
set_name_type NAME_TYPE
|
|
|
|
vi vi [-c CMD] [-R] [-H] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Edit FILE
|
|
|
|
-c CMD Initial command to run ($EXINIT and ~/.exrc also available)
|
|
-R Read-only
|
|
-H List available features
|
|
|
|
vlock
|
|
vlock [-a]
|
|
|
|
Lock a virtual terminal. A password is required to unlock.
|
|
|
|
-a Lock all VTs
|
|
|
|
w w
|
|
|
|
Show who is logged on
|
|
|
|
watch
|
|
watch [-n SEC] [-t] PROG ARGS
|
|
|
|
Run PROG periodically
|
|
|
|
-n SEC Period (default 2)
|
|
-t Don't print header
|
|
|
|
watchdog
|
|
watchdog [-t N[ms]] [-T N[ms]] [-F] DEV
|
|
|
|
Periodically write to watchdog device DEV
|
|
|
|
-T N Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60)
|
|
-t N Reset every N seconds (default 30)
|
|
-F Run in foreground
|
|
|
|
Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds
|
|
|
|
wc wc [-clwL] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Count lines, words, and bytes for FILEs (or stdin)
|
|
|
|
-c Count bytes
|
|
-l Count newlines
|
|
-w Count words
|
|
-L Print longest line length
|
|
|
|
wget
|
|
wget [-cqS] [--spider] [-O FILE] [-o LOGFILE] [--header STR]
|
|
[--post-data STR | --post-file FILE] [-Y on/off] [-P DIR] [-U AGENT]
|
|
[-T SEC] URL...
|
|
|
|
Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP
|
|
|
|
--spider Only check URL existence: $? is 0 if exists
|
|
--header STR Add STR (of form 'header: value') to headers
|
|
--post-data STR Send STR using POST method
|
|
--post-file FILE Send FILE using POST method
|
|
-c Continue retrieval of aborted transfer
|
|
-q Quiet
|
|
-P DIR Save to DIR (default .)
|
|
-S Show server response
|
|
-T SEC Network read timeout is SEC seconds
|
|
-O FILE Save to FILE ('-' for stdout)
|
|
-o LOGFILE Log messages to FILE
|
|
-U STR Use STR for User-Agent header
|
|
-Y on/off Use proxy
|
|
|
|
which
|
|
which [-a] COMMAND...
|
|
|
|
Locate COMMAND
|
|
|
|
-a Show all matches
|
|
|
|
who who [-aH]
|
|
|
|
Show who is logged on
|
|
|
|
-a Show all
|
|
-H Print column headers
|
|
|
|
whoami
|
|
whoami
|
|
|
|
Print the user name associated with the current effective user id
|
|
|
|
xargs
|
|
xargs [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS]
|
|
|
|
Run PROG on every item given by stdin
|
|
|
|
-0 NUL terminated input
|
|
-a FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
|
|
-o Reopen stdin as /dev/tty
|
|
-r Don't run command if input is empty
|
|
-t Print the command on stderr before execution
|
|
-E STR,-e[STR] STR stops input processing
|
|
-I STR Replace STR within PROG ARGS with input line
|
|
-n N Pass no more than N args to PROG
|
|
-s N Pass command line of no more than N bytes
|
|
-P N Run up to N PROGs in parallel
|
|
-x Exit if size is exceeded
|
|
|
|
xxd xxd [-pri] [-g N] [-c N] [-l LEN] [-s OFS] [-o OFS] [FILE]
|
|
|
|
Hex dump FILE (or stdin)
|
|
|
|
-g N Bytes per group
|
|
-c N Bytes per line
|
|
-p Show only hex bytes, assumes -c30
|
|
-i C include file style
|
|
-l LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes
|
|
-s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes
|
|
-o OFFSET Add OFFSET to displayed offset
|
|
-r Reverse (with -p, assumes no offsets in input)
|
|
|
|
xz xz -d [-cfk] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
|
|
|
|
-d Decompress
|
|
-c Write to stdout
|
|
-f Force
|
|
-k Keep input files
|
|
-t Test integrity
|
|
|
|
xzcat
|
|
xzcat [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Decompress to stdout
|
|
|
|
yes yes [STRING]
|
|
|
|
Repeatedly print a line with STRING, or 'y'
|
|
|
|
zcat
|
|
zcat [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
Decompress to stdout
|
|
|
|
LIBC NSS
|
|
GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
|
|
behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure
|
|
how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This
|
|
is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using
|
|
one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using
|
|
any libc calls that make use of NSS. Some applets however, such as login
|
|
and su, will use libc functions that require NSS.
|
|
|
|
If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions
|
|
to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files
|
|
without using NSS. This may allow you to run your system without the
|
|
need for installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.
|
|
|
|
When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly
|
|
require that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in
|
|
particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*,
|
|
and /lib/libresolv*).
|
|
|
|
Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as
|
|
uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc
|
|
does not require the use of any NSS support files or libraries.
|
|
|
|
MAINTAINER
|
|
Denis Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
|
|
|
|
AUTHORS
|
|
The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know
|
|
it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should
|
|
probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If
|
|
you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done
|
|
needs more detail, or is incorrect, please send in an update.
|
|
|
|
Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina@tiscali.it>
|
|
|
|
run-parts
|
|
|
|
Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>
|
|
|
|
Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
|
|
core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
|
|
Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
|
|
nobody is going to actually read.
|
|
|
|
Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk>
|
|
|
|
rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm
|
|
|
|
Jeff Angielski <jeff@theptrgroup.com>
|
|
|
|
ftpput, ftpget
|
|
|
|
Edward Betts <edward@debian.org>
|
|
|
|
expr, hostid, logname, whoami
|
|
|
|
John Beppu <beppu@codepoet.org>
|
|
|
|
du, nslookup, sort
|
|
|
|
Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>
|
|
|
|
tiny-ls(ls)
|
|
|
|
Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>
|
|
|
|
fbset, ping, hostname
|
|
|
|
Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>
|
|
|
|
more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
|
|
various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance
|
|
|
|
Jordan Crouse <jordan@cosmicpenguin.net>
|
|
|
|
ipcalc
|
|
|
|
Magnus Damm <damm@opensource.se>
|
|
|
|
tftp client insmod powerpc support
|
|
|
|
Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov>
|
|
|
|
pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.
|
|
|
|
Glenn Engel <glenne@engel.org>
|
|
|
|
httpd
|
|
|
|
Gennady Feldman <gfeldman@gena01.com>
|
|
|
|
Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
|
|
logread), various fixes.
|
|
|
|
Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>
|
|
|
|
cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.
|
|
|
|
Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org>
|
|
|
|
mktemp.c
|
|
|
|
Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.cmu.edu>
|
|
|
|
documentation, bugfixes, test suite
|
|
|
|
Stephan Linz <linz@li-pro.net>
|
|
|
|
ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence
|
|
|
|
John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>
|
|
|
|
tr
|
|
|
|
Glenn McGrath <bug1@iinet.net.au>
|
|
|
|
Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
|
|
nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
|
|
Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.
|
|
|
|
Manuel Novoa III <mjn3@codepoet.org>
|
|
|
|
cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
|
|
mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
|
|
get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines
|
|
|
|
also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
|
|
ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
|
|
mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
|
|
interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route
|
|
|
|
Vladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru>
|
|
|
|
cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
|
|
ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
|
|
locale, various fixes
|
|
and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.
|
|
|
|
Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>
|
|
|
|
Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
|
|
still be found hiding here and there...
|
|
|
|
Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org>
|
|
|
|
bug fixes, member of fan club
|
|
|
|
Kent Robotti <robotti@metconnect.com>
|
|
|
|
reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.
|
|
|
|
Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com>
|
|
|
|
wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications
|
|
|
|
Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>
|
|
|
|
Lots of bugs fixes and patches.
|
|
|
|
Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis-sw.com>
|
|
|
|
Remote logging feature for syslogd
|
|
|
|
Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>
|
|
|
|
mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix
|
|
|
|
Mark Whitley <markw@codepoet.org>
|
|
|
|
grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
|
|
style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.
|
|
|
|
Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>
|
|
|
|
gzip, mini-netcat(nc)
|
|
|
|
Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>
|
|
|
|
tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance
|
|
|
|
Tito Ragusa <farmatito@tiscali.it>
|
|
|
|
devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.
|
|
|
|
Paul Fox <pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us>
|
|
|
|
vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixes
|
|
|
|
Roberto A. Foglietta <me@roberto.foglietta.name>
|
|
|
|
port: dnsd
|
|
|
|
Bernhard Reutner-Fischer <rep.dot.nop@gmail.com>
|
|
|
|
misc
|
|
|
|
Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
|
|
|
|
initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, misc
|
|
|
|
Jie Zhang <jie.zhang@analog.com>
|
|
|
|
fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes)
|
|
|